Yes, IPv6 addresses are indeed hexadecimal. To break this down, an IPv6 address is written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, separated by colons. This is a fundamental aspect of how IPv6 is structured and represented.
Here’s a quick guide to understanding why and how IPv6 is written in hexadecimal:
- Understanding Hexadecimal: Hexadecimal is a base-16 numeral system, using 16 distinct symbols: 0-9 for the values zero to nine, and A, B, C, D, E, F for the values ten to fifteen. Each hexadecimal digit represents exactly four binary digits (bits).
- IPv6 Structure: An IPv6 address is 128 bits long. If you divide 128 bits by 4 (since each hex digit is 4 bits), you get 32 hexadecimal digits.
- Colon Separation: These 32 hexadecimal digits are organized into eight 16-bit blocks (each block consisting of four hexadecimal digits), with each block separated by a colon. For example,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334. - Why Hexadecimal? Using hexadecimal makes the long 128-bit IPv6 addresses much more human-readable and manageable than if they were represented in binary (0s and 1s) or even decimal. Imagine trying to type
00100000000000010000110110111000...instead of2001:0db8.... This compact representation is key for network engineers and administrators. - Common Abbreviations: Because of the frequent occurrence of zeros, IPv6 allows for several abbreviations to further simplify the address. For instance, leading zeros in a block can be omitted (e.g.,
0db8becomesdb8), and a double colon::can be used once in an address to represent one or more consecutive blocks of zeros (e.g.,2001:0db8::8a2e:0370:7334instead of2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
This hexadecimal notation is standard for IPv6 hex representation, making it clear and efficient for network operations.
The Foundation of IPv6: Why Hexadecimal Reigns Supreme
When you dive into networking, you quickly realize that IPv6 is hexadecimal by design, and for very good reasons. Unlike IPv4, which relies on a dotted-decimal notation for its 32-bit addresses, IPv6 stretches to 128 bits. Representing such a vast address space efficiently for humans requires a compact system, and hexadecimal fits the bill perfectly. Each hexadecimal digit neatly encapsulates four bits of information, making the conversion between binary (how computers see it) and hex (how we read it) remarkably straightforward. This choice isn’t arbitrary; it’s a practical hack to manage the sheer scale of the new internet protocol.
Bit-Level Efficiency: The 4-Bit Advantage
The core reason why IPv6 is written in hexadecimal boils down to its bit-level efficiency. With a 128-bit address, if we tried to use decimal, the addresses would be incredibly long and unwieldy, resembling phone numbers with hundreds of digits. Decimal is base-10, meaning each digit can represent values 0-9. Binary, base-2, uses only 0s and 1s. Hexadecimal, being base-16, uses 0-9 and A-F. The beauty of base-16 is that 16 is 2^4, meaning each hex digit directly corresponds to four binary bits. This perfect alignment means that 128 bits translates to exactly 32 hexadecimal digits (128 / 4 = 32). This makes mental calculation and pattern recognition much easier for network engineers.
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Human Readability: A Practical Compromise
While computers understand binary, humans definitely prefer something more digestible. Trying to read or type a 128-character binary string would be a nightmare. Even decimal would be too long. Hexadecimal provides a practical compromise: it’s compact enough to be manageable, yet still directly maps to the underlying binary structure. This significantly reduces the chances of errors when configuring network devices, troubleshooting connectivity, or simply documenting network topologies. It’s a classic example of designing a system that’s powerful for machines but still accessible for the human operators.
Addressing the IPv4 Shortfall: A Scale-Up
The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 was largely driven by the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. The 32-bit IPv4 system, with its 4.3 billion unique addresses, simply couldn’t keep pace with the explosion of internet-connected devices. IPv6, with its 128-bit address space, offers an astronomical number of unique addresses – approximately 3.4 x 10^38. This vastness necessitates a notation that can represent such large numbers efficiently. Hexadecimal is critical for this scale, allowing for a structured and predictable representation of this immense address pool, paving the way for billions of IoT devices, smart cities, and future internet expansion. This strategic move ensures the internet’s continued growth without hitting address limitations.
Deconstructing IPv6 Hexadecimal Notation
To truly grasp is IPv6 hex, we need to dissect its standard notation. An IPv6 address isn’t just a random string of hexadecimal characters; it follows a precise structure that allows for both human interpretation and machine processing. The 128 bits are segmented into eight 16-bit blocks, each represented by four hexadecimal digits. These blocks are then separated by colons, forming the familiar xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx format. This consistent structure is crucial for routing and identifying devices on the network. Ai urdu voice generator free online download
Understanding the 16-Bit Segments
Each of the eight segments in an IPv6 address represents 16 bits of the total 128-bit address. Since each hexadecimal digit accounts for 4 bits, a 16-bit segment is perfectly represented by four hexadecimal digits. For example, a segment like 85a3 translates directly to its 16-bit binary equivalent. This segmentation helps in logical grouping and makes it easier to understand different parts of an address, such as the network prefix, subnet ID, and interface identifier. This modularity is a key design principle that streamlines address management and allocation within large networks.
The Role of Colons in Delimitation
Colons (:) play a vital role as delimiters in IPv6 addresses, separating the 16-bit hexadecimal segments. Without them, an IPv6 address would be an unbroken string of 32 hexadecimal characters, which would be incredibly difficult to parse and interpret. The colons provide visual breaks, making the address much more readable and reducing the likelihood of transcription errors. They enforce a standard format that network devices expect, ensuring proper address recognition and routing across the internet. It’s a small but mighty character in the grand scheme of IPv6.
Differentiating IPv6 from IPv4 Notation
The distinction between IPv6’s hexadecimal notation and IPv4’s dotted-decimal notation is fundamental. IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long, divided into four 8-bit octets, with each octet represented in decimal and separated by dots (e.g., 192.168.1.1). This decimal system worked well for the smaller IPv4 space. However, applying this to a 128-bit IPv6 address would result in 16 decimal numbers, making the address far too long and cumbersome. The move to hexadecimal for IPv6 was a deliberate architectural choice to manage the vastly expanded address space, emphasizing that IPv6 is hex because it’s the most practical representation for its scale.
The Art of IPv6 Address Abbreviation: Saving Space, Enhancing Clarity
While knowing that IPv6 is hexadecimal is key, understanding its abbreviation rules is where the true efficiency comes in. IPv6 addresses are long, and manually writing or typing them out in their full form can be tedious and prone to errors. To combat this, the IPv6 standard includes powerful abbreviation rules that allow administrators to significantly shorten addresses without losing any information. These rules are particularly useful when dealing with addresses containing long sequences of zeros, which are common in many IPv6 allocations.
Omitting Leading Zeros in Segments
One of the simplest and most frequently used abbreviation rules is the ability to omit leading zeros within any 16-bit segment. For instance, if a segment is 0db8, it can be written simply as db8. Similarly, 0001 becomes 1, and 0000 can be represented as 0. This rule applies independently to each segment, dramatically reducing the number of characters needed to represent a segment without altering its value. This small change makes a big difference in the overall length of the address, making it more manageable for human eyes and hands. How to rephrase sentences online
The Double-Colon (::) Rule: The Ultimate Zero Compression
The most significant abbreviation technique in IPv6 is the use of the double-colon (::). This special notation can be used once in an IPv6 address to represent one or more consecutive segments of zeros. For example, an address like 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:1428:57ab can be abbreviated to 2001:0db8::1428:57ab. It’s a powerful tool for shortening addresses, especially those with large blocks of zeros, such as loopback addresses (::1) or unspecified addresses (::). The constraint of using :: only once is crucial to avoid ambiguity and ensure that the full address can always be uniquely reconstructed. This single rule significantly contributes to the practical usability of IPv6 hex addresses.
Reconstructing Full IPv6 Addresses from Abbreviated Forms
Despite the abbreviations, it’s always possible to reconstruct the full 128-bit hexadecimal IPv6 address. When you see leading zeros omitted, you simply pad the segment with zeros until it’s four digits long. When you encounter a ::, you count the number of existing 16-bit segments (including single 0s for zero segments that weren’t compressed by ::) and subtract that from eight (the total number of segments). The difference tells you how many blocks of 0000 to insert in place of the ::. This deterministic reconstruction means that an abbreviated IPv6 address carries the exact same information as its full form, maintaining integrity while optimizing for human interaction.
Why IPv6 Abbreviation Matters for Network Operations
The ability to abbreviate IPv6 addresses isn’t just a stylistic choice; it’s a functional necessity that profoundly impacts network operations. Given the verbose nature of full IPv6 addresses, even in their hexadecimal form, abbreviations streamline various tasks, from configuration to troubleshooting. This practicality underscores why the design choice to make IPv6 hex with these abbreviation rules was so critical for its adoption and everyday use.
Reducing Configuration Errors and Typos
Long strings of characters are inherently more susceptible to human error during manual entry. An un-abbreviated IPv6 address, with its 32 hexadecimal digits and seven colons, presents ample opportunity for typos. By allowing the omission of leading zeros and the compression of zero segments with ::, the abbreviated form significantly reduces the length and complexity of the address. This directly translates to fewer configuration errors when setting up routers, firewalls, and servers, saving valuable time and preventing network outages that could arise from incorrect addresses. It’s a pragmatic approach to minimizing operational friction.
Enhancing Readability in Logs and Command-Line Interfaces
Imagine sifting through gigabytes of network logs, trying to pinpoint a specific IPv6 address amidst a sea of information. If every address were in its full, unabbreviated hexadecimal form, the logs would be incredibly dense and difficult to parse quickly. Abbreviated addresses, however, make logs much more readable and scannable. Similarly, in command-line interfaces (CLIs), typing full IPv6 addresses for commands like ping, traceroute, or ip address add would be cumbersome. Abbreviated forms simplify these interactions, making network diagnostics and management more efficient for administrators. This ease of use is a direct benefit of the IPv6 hex design with its clever compression. Change delimiter in excel mac
Streamlining Network Documentation and Communication
Clear and concise documentation is the backbone of robust network management. When documenting network diagrams, IP address schemes, or security policies, using abbreviated IPv6 addresses makes the documentation easier to create, understand, and maintain. Instead of lengthy strings cluttering diagrams, shorter, more manageable addresses improve visual clarity. Furthermore, when communicating network information verbally or in written reports, abbreviated forms are quicker to convey and less likely to lead to misinterpretations, fostering better collaboration among network teams. It’s about optimizing the flow of information in a high-stakes environment where precision and clarity are paramount.
The Global Impact of IPv6 Hexadecimal Addresses
The choice to use hexadecimal notation for IPv6 addresses has profound implications that extend beyond mere technical representation. It facilitates the creation of a vast and structured address space, crucial for the ongoing expansion of the internet. This global scale relies on the efficiency and clarity that IPv6 hex inherently provides, allowing for intricate network designs and the seamless integration of billions of new devices.
Enabling the Internet of Things (IoT) Revolution
The sheer volume of unique addresses provided by IPv6, represented compactly in hexadecimal, is a cornerstone of the Internet of Things (IoT) revolution. With countless sensors, smart home devices, industrial machinery, and vehicles all needing their own unique IP addresses, the limited 4.3 billion addresses of IPv4 were a bottleneck. IPv6’s enormous address space, made manageable by hexadecimal notation, allows for the direct and secure addressing of every conceivable connected device. This direct addressing simplifies network architectures, enhances security by eliminating the need for extensive Network Address Translation (NAT), and truly enables the vision of a pervasively connected world. This is a direct consequence of the scale that IPv6 is hex was designed to support.
Facilitating Global Network Uniqueness and Direct Addressing
One of the key benefits of IPv6’s expansive address space, represented in hexadecimal, is the ability to provide truly global uniqueness for every internet-connected device. In the IPv4 world, due to address scarcity, extensive use of NAT (Network Address Translation) became common, where many devices share a single public IP address behind a router. While NAT helped conserve addresses, it introduced complexities in peer-to-peer communication, troubleshooting, and security. IPv6, by providing enough addresses for everything to have a public, unique address, simplifies end-to-end connectivity, enhances security transparency, and supports the development of new applications that rely on direct communication between devices. This move away from NAT is a significant architectural shift made possible by the vastness of the IPv6 hex address range.
Future-Proofing Internet Growth and Innovation
The adoption of IPv6, with its hexadecimal representation, is not just about solving today’s address exhaustion problems; it’s about future-proofing the internet for generations to come. The practically limitless address space means that innovators and developers no longer need to worry about IP address availability when designing new applications, services, or types of connected devices. This removes a significant constraint that was beginning to stifle innovation in the IPv4 era. From smart cities to augmented reality and advanced robotics, the robust foundation provided by IPv6’s hexadecimal addresses ensures that the internet can continue to evolve and support new technologies without hitting an address ceiling, promoting boundless digital innovation. Change delimiter in excel to pipe
Technical Deep Dive: IPv6 Hexadecimal Conversion
Understanding that IPv6 is hexadecimal naturally leads to the question of how to convert between hexadecimal and binary, or even decimal, for deeper analysis. While most network interactions involve the hexadecimal representation, a fundamental grasp of the underlying binary structure can be incredibly useful for advanced troubleshooting, subnetting, or understanding how network masks function in IPv6.
Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion for IPv6 Segments
Each hexadecimal digit in an IPv6 address corresponds directly to four binary bits. This is the cornerstone of hex-to-binary conversion for IPv6. For example:
0(hex) =0000(binary)1(hex) =0001(binary)2(hex) =0010(binary)3(hex) =0011(binary)4(hex) =0100(binary)5(hex =0101(binary)6(hex) = `0110 = (bi)nary7(hex) =0111(binary)8(hex) =1000(binary)9(hex) =1001(binary)A(hex) =1010(binary)B(hex) =1011(binary)C(hex) =1100(binaryD(hex) =1101(binary)E=1110(binary)F=1111(binary)
To convert an entire IPv6 segment, like db8, you would convert each hex digit: d (1101), b (1011), 8 (1000). Since db8 is treated as 0db8 (due to leading zero omission), its binary equivalent is 0000 1101 1011 1000. This direct mapping is why IPv6 hex is so efficient for computer processing.
Understanding the Prefixes and Subnetting in Hex
IPv6 uses prefixes to define network portions of an address, similar to IPv4’s subnet mask, but expressed in bits. For example, a /64 prefix means the first 64 bits of the address define the network and subnet, and the remaining 64 bits are for the interface identifier. When working with IPv6 hex, this means the first four 16-bit segments (4 segments * 16 bits/segment = 64 bits) are the network prefix.
For instance, in 2001:0db8:85a3:0000::/64, the /64 indicates that 2001:0db8:85a3:0000 is the network portion. Understanding this bit-level division in the hexadecimal context is crucial for proper IPv6 subnetting and routing design, allowing administrators to carve out smaller networks from larger allocations logically and efficiently. Text sort and compare
Tools and Calculators for IPv6 Hex Conversions
While manual conversion from hexadecimal to binary for IPv6 segments is good for foundational understanding, practical network administration often involves using automated tools. Many online IPv6 calculators and IP address management (IPAM) software can perform these conversions instantly, helping with:
- Full address expansion: Converting abbreviated IPv6 addresses back to their full 128-bit hexadecimal form.
- Prefix calculations: Determining the network address, host range, and broadcast address (though broadcast is different in IPv6).
- Binary representation: Showing the full 128-bit binary equivalent of an IPv6 address.
These tools streamline complex calculations, allowing network professionals to focus on design and troubleshooting rather than tedious manual conversions. However, a solid grasp of how IPv6 is written in hexadecimal and its underlying binary structure remains invaluable for deeper diagnostics.
Security Implications of IPv6 Hexadecimal Addresses
The nature of IPv6 being hexadecimal and its vast address space has several security implications, both positive and challenging. While the extended address space offers new avenues for security enhancements, it also introduces complexities that require careful consideration in network design and defense.
Enhanced Security Through Address Space Randomization
The sheer size of the IPv6 address space, facilitated by its hexadecimal representation, inherently makes certain types of attacks, like IP address scanning (where an attacker tries to find active hosts by systematically scanning IP ranges), significantly harder. With 3.4 x 10^38 possible addresses, randomly scanning even a small fraction of a subnet becomes computationally infeasible. This vastness allows for address randomization techniques, such as SLAAC (Stateless Address Autoconfiguration) using random interface identifiers or Privacy Extensions (RFC 4941), which generate temporary, random addresses. These features make it much more difficult for an attacker to predict and target specific hosts within an IPv6 network, enhancing privacy and security from reconnaissance efforts.
Challenges in Firewall Rule Management
While the long hexadecimal IPv6 addresses offer security advantages, they also present challenges, particularly in firewall rule management. Manually configuring firewall rules for specific IPv6 addresses or ranges can be cumbersome and error-prone due to their length and potential for abbreviation. Network administrators must be meticulous when defining rules, ensuring they correctly specify prefixes and individual addresses to avoid inadvertently opening up vulnerabilities or blocking legitimate traffic. This often necessitates robust IPAM systems and automated configuration tools to manage complex IPv6 firewall policies effectively. The complexity inherent in managing long IPv6 hex strings demands precise execution. Package json validator online
Simplifying End-to-End Encryption with Direct Addressing
One of the most significant security benefits of IPv6’s design is the reduction in the need for Network Address Translation (NAT). Because every device can theoretically have its own unique public IPv6 address, direct end-to-end communication is simplified. This facilitates the widespread implementation of security protocols like IPsec (Internet Protocol Security), which provides strong encryption and authentication for IP communications. IPsec works much more seamlessly without NAT complicating the path, making it easier to ensure that data traversing the internet remains confidential and tamper-proof. This direct connectivity, enabled by the abundance of IPv6 hex addresses, is a powerful enabler for a more secure internet.
The Future Landscape: IPv6 Hexadecimal Everywhere
The ongoing transition from IPv4 to IPv6 signifies a fundamental shift in how the internet operates, with IPv6 being hexadecimal at its core. As more devices and services adopt IPv6, this hexadecimal notation will become ubiquitous, defining the addressing scheme of the next generation of internet technologies. This transition is not just about expanding address space but also about building a more efficient, secure, and scalable foundation for global connectivity.
The Inevitable Global Transition to IPv6
The move to IPv6 is not a matter of if, but when. IPv4 address exhaustion has pushed the internet community towards this transition for years. While IPv4 will likely remain in use for some time, especially in legacy systems, the momentum towards IPv6 is undeniable. Major cloud providers, mobile carriers, and content delivery networks have already made significant strides in IPv6 adoption. As new devices come online and new internet services emerge, they are overwhelmingly being provisioned with IPv6 addresses. This global shift means that understanding IPv6 hex notation will become an essential skill for anyone involved in networking, from IT professionals to developers.
Implications for Network Professionals and Developers
For network professionals, mastering IPv6 hexadecimal notation, including its abbreviation rules and subnetting concepts, is no longer optional—it’s a critical skill. Future network designs, troubleshooting scenarios, and security considerations will increasingly revolve around IPv6. Developers too must adapt, ensuring their applications are IPv6-compatible and can correctly parse, generate, and utilize IPv6 addresses. Ignoring this fundamental shift would be akin to ignoring the internet itself. Training, certifications, and hands-on experience with IPv6 are becoming paramount for career advancement and effective participation in the modern digital landscape.
The Role of IPv6 in Emerging Technologies
IPv6 is not merely a replacement for IPv4; it’s a foundational technology that enables the next wave of internet innovation. Its vast address space and simplified architecture are crucial for the seamless operation of emerging technologies such as: Json ld validator online
- 5G networks: Providing unique addresses for massive numbers of connected devices at high speeds.
- Edge Computing: Allowing countless edge devices to have direct internet connectivity.
- Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): Enabling low-latency, direct communication for immersive experiences.
- Blockchain and Distributed Ledgers: Potentially benefiting from direct peer-to-peer addressing.
- Smart Cities and IoT: Providing unique addresses for every sensor, camera, and device in an urban environment.
In essence, the future internet is built on IPv6, and by extension, on its hexadecimal addressing scheme. Understanding is IPv6 hex is not just a technicality; it’s a gateway to comprehending the internet’s evolution and its potential to shape our future world.
FAQ
What does it mean for an IPv6 address to be hexadecimal?
It means that every digit used in an IPv6 address, from 0 to 9 and A to F, is part of the hexadecimal (base-16) numeral system. This allows for a more compact representation of the 128-bit addresses compared to binary or decimal.
Is IPv6 really 128 bits long?
Yes, an IPv6 address is 128 bits long. This provides an enormous address space of approximately 3.4 x 10^38 unique addresses.
How many hexadecimal digits are in a full IPv6 address?
A full IPv6 address consists of 32 hexadecimal digits. This is because each hexadecimal digit represents 4 bits, and 128 bits / 4 bits/digit = 32 digits.
Why is IPv6 written in hexadecimal instead of decimal like IPv4?
IPv6 is written in hexadecimal because its 128-bit length would result in an extremely long and unwieldy decimal representation (16 decimal numbers). Hexadecimal offers a much more compact and human-readable way to express such a large number of bits. Best free online movie sites
What are the main parts of an IPv6 address?
An IPv6 address is typically divided into two main parts: the network prefix (which identifies the network and subnet) and the interface identifier (which identifies a specific device on that network).
Can IPv6 addresses be abbreviated?
Yes, IPv6 addresses can be significantly abbreviated to improve readability and reduce typing errors. Common abbreviations include omitting leading zeros in segments and using a double-colon (::) to represent one or more consecutive segments of zeros.
What is the double-colon (::) used for in IPv6?
The double-colon (::) is used in IPv6 to represent one or more consecutive 16-bit segments that contain only zeros. It can only be used once in an address to avoid ambiguity.
How do you convert a hexadecimal IPv6 segment to binary?
Each hexadecimal digit converts directly to a 4-bit binary sequence. For example, A (hex) is 1010 (binary), F (hex) is 1111 (binary), and 5 (hex) is 0101 (binary).
Is the loopback address in IPv6 hexadecimal?
Yes, the IPv6 loopback address ::1 is an abbreviated hexadecimal representation. Its full form is 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001. Best free online fax service
Does IPv6 use a subnet mask like IPv4?
No, IPv6 does not use a dotted-decimal subnet mask like IPv4. Instead, it uses a prefix length (e.g., /64, /48) appended to the address to denote the network portion, indicating the number of bits in the network prefix.
What characters are valid in an IPv6 address?
Valid characters in an IPv6 address are hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F, a-f) and colons (:) as delimiters.
Can IPv6 addresses contain letters other than A-F?
No, IPv6 addresses can only contain the hexadecimal letters A, B, C, D, E, F (case-insensitive) in addition to numerical digits 0-9. Any other letters or symbols would make the address invalid.
How many segments does a full IPv6 address have?
A full IPv6 address has eight 16-bit segments, each represented by four hexadecimal digits, separated by colons.
Does IPv6 support Network Address Translation (NAT)?
While NAT can be implemented with IPv6, its fundamental design with a massive address space largely eliminates the need for it. IPv6 promotes end-to-end connectivity without the complexities introduced by NAT. Best free online games for kids
What is a Global Unicast Address (GUA) in IPv6?
A Global Unicast Address (GUA) is an IPv6 address that is globally unique and routable on the internet, similar to a public IPv4 address. They typically start with 2000::/3.
Are all IPv6 addresses public?
No, not all IPv6 addresses are public. There are also Unique Local Addresses (ULAs), which are similar to IPv4 private addresses, and Link-Local Addresses (LLAs), which are only valid on a single network segment.
What is the difference between IPv6 and IPv4?
IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses (hexadecimal notation), while IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses (dotted-decimal notation). IPv6 has a vastly larger address space, enhanced features for auto-configuration, and better support for mobile networking and security.
How does auto-configuration work in IPv6 with hexadecimal addresses?
IPv6 uses Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) to allow devices to automatically configure their own IPv6 addresses using a network prefix advertised by a router and a unique interface identifier, often derived from the device’s MAC address (which itself can be converted to hex/binary).
Why is the transition to IPv6 important?
The transition to IPv6 is crucial because IPv4 addresses are exhausted, meaning no new public IPv4 addresses are available. IPv6 provides the necessary address space for continued internet growth, the Internet of Things, and new internet services. Thousands separator in word
Can I mix hexadecimal and decimal in an IPv6 address?
No, you cannot mix hexadecimal and decimal in an IPv6 address. All numerical representations within the address segments must be hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F). The only exceptions are specific transitional mechanisms, like IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, but the core IPv6 address itself remains purely hexadecimal.
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