Breakpoint speaker spotlight alan richardson

Updated on

To understand the “Breakpoint Speaker Spotlight: Alan Richardson,” here are the detailed steps to gain insights into his contributions and focus areas at the event:

👉 Skip the hassle and get the ready to use 100% working script (Link in the comments section of the YouTube Video) (Latest test 31/05/2025)

Check more on: How to Bypass Cloudflare Turnstile & Cloudflare WAF – Reddit, How to Bypass Cloudflare Turnstile, Cloudflare WAF & reCAPTCHA v3 – Medium, How to Bypass Cloudflare Turnstile, WAF & reCAPTCHA v3 – LinkedIn Article

0.0
0.0 out of 5 stars (based on 0 reviews)
Excellent0%
Very good0%
Average0%
Poor0%
Terrible0%

There are no reviews yet. Be the first one to write one.

Amazon.com: Check Amazon for Breakpoint speaker spotlight
Latest Discussions & Reviews:
  • Review Official Breakpoint Resources:
    • Speaker Page: Navigate to the official Breakpoint conference website. Look for a dedicated “Speakers” or “Agenda” section. Alan Richardson’s profile should be listed there.
    • Session Details: Check for his specific session title, abstract, date, and time. This is usually the quickest way to grasp his topic.
    • Previous Years’ Archives: If current information is scarce, explore archives of past Breakpoint events. Speakers often return or build upon previous themes.
  • Explore Alan Richardson’s Professional Presence:
    • Personal Website/Blog: Many speakers, especially in the tech and quality assurance space, maintain personal blogs e.g., https://www.eviltester.com/. This is often a goldmine for his core interests and expertise.
    • LinkedIn Profile: His LinkedIn profile will detail his current role, past experiences, and often include links to his publications or talks.
    • GitHub/Open Source: If he’s involved in software development or testing tools, his GitHub might reveal projects he’s passionate about.
  • Search for Related Content:
    • YouTube/Vimeo: Search “Alan Richardson Breakpoint” or “Alan Richardson ” on video platforms. Conference talks are frequently recorded and published.
    • Conference Reports/Blogs: Look for recaps or blog posts from attendees of Breakpoint. They might provide summaries or highlights of his presentation.
    • Twitter/Social Media: Follow Breakpoint’s official accounts and search for mentions of Alan Richardson or his session hashtag during the event period.

Table of Contents

The Esteemed Alan Richardson: A Pillar in Software Testing

His presence at events like Breakpoint is not just about delivering a talk.

It’s about shifting paradigms and equipping attendees with actionable strategies for improving their quality assurance processes.

He is widely recognized for his pragmatic approach, emphasizing hands-on techniques, effective automation, and critical thinking that extends beyond mere tool usage.

His contributions have significantly shaped how professionals view and execute testing, advocating for a more holistic and intelligent methodology rather than simply following rigid scripts.

Deciphering Alan Richardson’s Core Philosophy

At the heart of Alan Richardson’s work lies a commitment to making testing more efficient, effective, and less burdensome. Javascriptexecutor in selenium

He often challenges conventional wisdom, pushing for testers to become more skilled problem-solvers and critical thinkers. This philosophy isn’t just theoretical.

It’s grounded in years of practical experience and a deep understanding of software development cycles.

He champions the idea that true testing prowess comes from understanding the underlying systems, anticipating failures, and leveraging tools intelligently, rather than just mechanically applying them.

  • Emphasis on Skill over Tooling: Richardson frequently argues that a skilled tester can achieve more with basic tools than an unskilled one with advanced automation frameworks. This doesn’t diminish the value of tools but prioritizes human ingenuity.
  • Context-Driven Testing: His work often aligns with the principles of context-driven testing, where testing approaches are tailored to the specific project, team, and organizational context, rather than adhering to one-size-fits-all methodologies.
  • Practical Application: Whether through his popular “Evil Tester” persona or his direct consulting, Alan always aims to provide techniques that testers can immediately apply to their daily work.

Key Contributions to the Testing Landscape

Alan Richardson’s impact extends far beyond the conference stage.

He is a prolific author, educator, and thought leader whose work has influenced countless testing professionals globally. Compatibility across the globe

His books and online resources are often considered essential reading for anyone serious about mastering the craft of software testing.

  • Authored Influential Books: His books, such as “Agile Testing Essentials” and “Java For Testers,” are highly regarded for their clear explanations and practical examples.
  • The “Evil Tester” Persona: Through his “Evil Tester” website and related content, he provides sharp, sometimes provocative, insights into testing challenges and solutions, making complex topics accessible and engaging. This platform has garnered a substantial following, with over 100,000 unique visitors annually seeking his unique perspective.
  • Advocacy for Automation Architecture: He doesn’t just teach how to automate. he teaches how to build sustainable, maintainable automation frameworks, emphasizing good coding practices and design patterns in test code.

Breakpoint: A Platform for Deep Dive Discussions

Breakpoint is known for attracting top-tier speakers and fostering in-depth discussions on critical topics in software development and quality.

Alan Richardson’s participation underscores the conference’s commitment to delivering high-value content.

His sessions typically go beyond surface-level discussions, providing attendees with a deeper understanding of complex issues and practical solutions they can implement.

The conference’s structure often allows for extended Q&A sessions, enabling a more interactive and enriching experience for participants. Take screenshot with selenium python

Alan Richardson’s Focus Areas at Breakpoint

At Breakpoint, Alan Richardson often zeroes in on pragmatic approaches to software quality, demystifying complex technical concepts and offering actionable strategies. His talks typically resonate with both seasoned professionals and those looking to elevate their testing game, providing a blend of foundational principles and cutting-edge techniques. His sessions frequently draw significant attendance, averaging over 200 participants per talk, demonstrating the demand for his expertise.

Mastering Test Automation Beyond the Basics

One of Alan Richardson’s perennial themes is moving beyond simplistic record-and-playback automation to building robust, maintainable, and effective automation frameworks.

He emphasizes that automation is a software development activity itself and requires the same rigor and skill.

This isn’t about promoting specific tools, but about understanding the principles that make automation truly valuable.

  • The Automation Pyramid Revisited: He often discusses the classic test automation pyramid, not as a rigid rule, but as a guiding principle for strategic automation investment. He’ll highlight how many organizations get it wrong, over-investing in brittle UI tests. Data from industry surveys indicates that up to 60% of automation efforts fail due to poor architecture and maintenance, a problem Richardson directly addresses.
  • API Testing as a Cornerstone: Richardson strongly advocates for focusing automation efforts at the API level. This is because API tests are generally faster, more stable, and provide quicker feedback than UI tests. He’ll demonstrate how to effectively test API endpoints using tools and programming concepts, emphasizing the immense return on investment.
  • Building Maintainable Test Code: A key area of focus for him is writing clean, readable, and refactorable test automation code. This includes discussions on design patterns e.g., Page Object Model, good naming conventions, and utilizing common development practices to ensure test suites don’t become unmanageable liabilities. He champions techniques that reduce automation script decay, which can often render over 30% of automated tests useless within a year if not properly managed.
  • Data-Driven and Keyword-Driven Frameworks: He might delve into how to construct frameworks that separate test data from test logic, or how to create keyword-driven approaches that allow non-programmers to contribute to automation. The goal is to maximize reusability and minimize duplication.

Enhancing Exploratory Testing Skills

While a strong proponent of automation, Alan Richardson is equally passionate about the art and science of exploratory testing. Breakpoint speaker spotlight lawrence mandel

He views it as an indispensable counterpart to automated checks, providing human intelligence and creativity to uncover defects that automation might miss.

This human-centric approach to quality assurance is a crucial aspect of his teachings.

  • Structured Exploration: Richardson often introduces techniques for structuring exploratory testing sessions, moving beyond ad-hoc clicking. This includes using charters, timeboxing, and documenting findings effectively. He emphasizes that exploration is not random. it’s a disciplined, investigative process.
  • Mindset of an “Evil Tester”: He encourages testers to adopt a curious, skeptical, and often mischievous mindset—the “Evil Tester” approach—to actively seek out system vulnerabilities and edge cases. This involves asking “what if” questions and challenging assumptions about the software’s behavior. Case studies show that exploratory testing can uncover up to 25% more critical defects than scripted tests alone, especially in complex systems.
  • Pairing Automation with Exploration: Rather than seeing automation and exploration as mutually exclusive, Richardson demonstrates how they complement each other. Automation can handle repetitive checks, freeing up testers to perform deeper, more nuanced exploratory testing on new features or complex interactions.

The Role of Communication and Collaboration in Quality

Beyond technical skills, Alan Richardson consistently highlights the critical importance of effective communication and collaboration within development teams for achieving true software quality.

He emphasizes that testing is not a siloed activity but a collective responsibility.

  • Tester as a Facilitator: He positions the tester not just as a bug finder, but as a facilitator of quality conversations. This involves asking probing questions, providing clear and concise bug reports, and effectively communicating risks to stakeholders.
  • Bridging the Developer-Tester Gap: Richardson often provides insights into how testers can better understand developers’ perspectives and vice-versa, fostering a more collaborative environment. This reduces friction and leads to higher quality outcomes. Surveys indicate that poor communication is a leading cause of project delays in 45% of software development teams.
  • Effective Bug Reporting: He delves into the nuances of writing effective bug reports that are clear, reproducible, and impactful, ensuring that reported defects are understood and addressed promptly by development teams. This includes emphasizing objective observation over subjective interpretation.

Navigating Modern Challenges in Software Testing

He provides frameworks and strategies for adapting to new technologies, methodologies, and business demands. Open source spotlight discourse with sam saffron

Testing in Agile and DevOps Environments

The shift towards Agile methodologies and DevOps practices has fundamentally changed the role of testing.

  • “Shift Left” Testing: He champions the “shift left” approach, advocating for quality activities to be integrated earlier in the development lifecycle. This means testers engaging in requirements analysis, design reviews, and even pair-programming with developers, rather than being relegated to end-of-cycle quality gates. Companies adopting “shift left” practices have reported reducing critical defects by up to 15%.
  • Continuous Testing and Feedback Loops: Richardson discusses the implementation of continuous testing within CI/CD pipelines, ensuring that automated checks run frequently and provide rapid feedback to the team. He emphasizes the importance of acting on this feedback quickly to prevent small issues from escalating.
  • Tester’s Role in a Cross-Functional Team: He articulates how testers can effectively contribute to cross-functional Agile and DevOps teams, moving beyond a “gatekeeper” mentality to become an integral part of the delivery process. This often involves learning new skills and adapting to shared responsibilities.

Performance and Security Testing Considerations

While often focusing on functional testing, Alan Richardson also touches upon the growing importance of performance and security considerations, guiding testers on how to integrate these vital aspects into their testing strategy.

He emphasizes that a truly “quality” product is not just functional but also resilient and secure.

  • Basics of Performance Testing: He might introduce foundational concepts of performance testing, including understanding response times, throughput, and scalability. He often emphasizes leveraging existing tools and simple scripts to identify performance bottlenecks early.
  • Security Testing Mindset: Richardson encourages testers to adopt a security-aware mindset, looking for common vulnerabilities e.g., SQL injection, cross-site scripting during their functional and exploratory testing. While not a security expert, he empowers testers to identify red flags and escalate them.
  • Integrating Non-Functional Requirements: He highlights the need to embed non-functional requirements NFRs like performance, security, and usability into the testing process from the outset, rather than treating them as afterthoughts. Organizations that integrate NFR testing earlier experience 20% fewer post-release issues related to performance or security.

The Future of Testing: Skills and Mindset

Alan Richardson frequently casts his gaze towards the future, speculating on how the testing profession will evolve and what skills will be paramount for success.

He encourages continuous learning and adaptability, preparing testers for the challenges and opportunities ahead. Breakpoint speaker spotlight mike fotinakis percy

  • Embracing Data Science for Testing: He discusses the potential of using data analytics to improve testing efficiency, identify high-risk areas, and predict potential failures. This includes leveraging log analysis and user behavior data to inform testing strategies.
  • AI and Machine Learning in Testing: While cautioning against hype, Richardson explores practical applications of AI and ML in testing, such as intelligent test case generation, anomaly detection, and predictive analytics for quality. He emphasizes that AI will augment, not replace, human testers.

Practical Takeaways from an Alan Richardson Spotlight

Attending an Alan Richardson session at Breakpoint is typically a transformative experience, offering more than just theoretical knowledge.

Attendees walk away with actionable strategies and a refreshed perspective on software quality.

The emphasis is always on empowering individuals to make tangible improvements in their testing practices.

Actionable Strategies for Immediate Implementation

Richardson is renowned for providing “no-fluff” content.

His sessions are packed with practical advice, techniques, and coding examples that attendees can apply as soon as they return to their workstations. Inspect element in chrome

This immediate utility is a hallmark of his presentations.

  • Refactoring Test Code: Learn specific patterns and practices for cleaning up existing automation scripts, making them more readable, maintainable, and robust. This could involve small, incremental changes that yield significant long-term benefits.
  • Enhancing Exploratory Session Structure: Get templates or frameworks for conducting more effective exploratory testing, including how to define charters, manage time, and document findings efficiently for better communication.
  • Practical API Testing Exercises: His sessions often include live coding or conceptual demonstrations of how to build simple, yet powerful, API tests using common programming languages or tools, emphasizing quick wins and immediate feedback.
  • Improving Bug Report Efficacy: Attendees learn how to structure their bug reports for maximum clarity and impact, ensuring that developers understand the issue and prioritize it appropriately. This might involve using specific templates or checklists.

Shifting the Testing Mindset

Beyond specific techniques, Alan Richardson’s talks often aim to fundamentally alter how testers perceive their role and responsibilities.

He encourages a more proactive, analytical, and influential approach to quality.

  • From “Bug Finder” to “Quality Enabler”: He advocates for testers to see themselves as integral parts of the product development process, facilitating quality discussions and driving improvements across the entire team, rather than just identifying defects at the end.
  • Challenging the Status Quo: Richardson encourages a healthy skepticism and a willingness to question existing processes or assumptions, pushing for more effective and efficient ways of working. This critical thinking is vital for innovation in quality assurance.

Leveraging Alan Richardson’s Resources Beyond Breakpoint

The insights shared by Alan Richardson at Breakpoint are just a fraction of his extensive body of work.

For those seeking to deepen their understanding of software testing and continuously refine their skills, his publicly available resources offer a wealth of knowledge. Remote debugging in chrome

The “Evil Tester” Ecosystem

The “Evil Tester” website https://www.eviltester.com/ is Alan Richardson’s primary online hub, serving as a comprehensive repository of his articles, tutorials, and courses.

It’s an invaluable resource for anyone looking to go beyond the basics.

  • Blog Posts and Articles: The site features hundreds of articles covering a vast array of testing topics, from test automation patterns to exploratory testing techniques and career advice. These are often updated and reflect his latest thinking.
  • Online Courses and Workshops: Alan offers several online courses, many of which delve into programming for testers e.g., Java for Testers, WebDriver training. These courses provide structured learning paths and practical exercises, making them ideal for skill development.
  • Tools and Utilities: He often shares custom tools, utilities, or simple scripts he’s developed to aid in testing, showcasing practical solutions to common problems. These can be downloaded and adapted for personal use.

Books and Publications

Alan Richardson has authored several highly-regarded books that serve as foundational texts for aspiring and experienced testers alike.

These provide a more structured and in-depth exploration of specific topics.

  • “Java For Testers”: This book is particularly notable for providing testers with the programming skills necessary to write robust and maintainable test automation. It bridges the gap between testing theory and practical coding.
  • “Agile Testing Essentials”: This publication distills the core principles of testing in Agile environments, offering practical guidance on integrating quality activities throughout the development lifecycle.
  • “Automating and Testing a REST API”: A focused resource for those looking to master API test automation, a crucial skill in modern microservices architectures.

Social Media and Community Engagement

While not as prolific on all platforms, Alan Richardson does engage with the testing community through various channels, offering snippets of wisdom and participating in discussions. Whats new in ios 13 for developers to look out for

  • Twitter: Following his Twitter account can provide quick insights, links to new content, and his perspectives on current industry trends. He often shares concise, thought-provoking statements.
  • LinkedIn: His LinkedIn profile serves as a professional overview, linking to his work and contributions. It’s a good place to connect and track his major announcements.
  • Conference Presence: Beyond Breakpoint, he frequently speaks at other major testing conferences globally, and his sessions are often recorded and made available online, providing continuous learning opportunities.

Ethical Considerations in Software Quality Assurance

As a Muslim professional blog writer, it’s essential to underscore the ethical dimensions inherent in software quality assurance, a principle that aligns well with the meticulous and responsible approach often advocated by experts like Alan Richardson.

While Richardson’s focus is technical excellence, the underlying pursuit of quality inherently touches upon ethical conduct.

The Importance of Integrity in Testing

In software development, integrity is paramount.

Quality assurance professionals are often the last line of defense against faulty or misleading software.

Ensuring that products perform as advertised and are free from critical defects is not just a technical requirement, but an ethical obligation. Visual testing definitions

  • Honest Reporting: It is crucial for testers to report bugs and vulnerabilities honestly and without bias, even if the findings are inconvenient or expose significant flaws. Suppressing or downplaying issues for expediency can lead to severe consequences for users and businesses.
  • Transparency with Stakeholders: Clear and transparent communication about the quality status of software builds trust with stakeholders, including developers, product owners, and end-users. This involves providing realistic assessments of risks and limitations.
  • Protecting User Data: In an age where data privacy is paramount, testers have an ethical duty to ensure that software handles user data securely and in accordance with privacy regulations. This extends to identifying potential data leaks or vulnerabilities.
  • Avoiding Misleading Claims: Quality assurance professionals play a role in preventing products from making false or exaggerated claims about their capabilities. Their rigorous testing helps ensure that marketing claims align with actual product performance.

Discouraging Unethical Practices in Software Development

While Alan Richardson focuses on technical aspects, it’s vital to highlight how robust testing practices can help counteract tendencies towards unethical software development.

In the context of our faith, encouraging ethical business practices and discouraging deception is a core tenet.

  • Gambling and Speculative Ventures: Software supporting gambling, betting, or highly speculative and uncertain financial ventures Gharar should be strongly discouraged. QA efforts here must focus on preventing the deployment of such features entirely. Instead, testers should ensure applications promote honest trade and beneficial economic activities. If a product has components related to chance-based activities, testers should report this as a fundamental design flaw, advocating for features that support skill-based engagement or beneficial transactions.
  • Content and Entertainment: Software applications e.g., streaming platforms, games, social media that promote content which is explicitly immoral, sexually explicit, involves idolatry, or encourages excessive time-wasting without benefit should be challenged. Testers can rigorously test content filtering mechanisms and user reporting tools to ensure they effectively block or flag inappropriate material. We should always promote alternatives that provide beneficial knowledge, family-safe entertainment, or spiritual development. This could involve recommending apps for Quran recitation, educational content, or wholesome cultural experiences.
  • Scams and Fraud: Testing financial or e-commerce platforms is crucial for identifying and preventing fraudulent activities, scams, and deceptive practices. QA should rigorously test security measures, payment gateways, and user authentication to protect users from financial harm. Any vulnerability that could lead to financial fraud must be treated with the highest severity.
  • Data Exploitation: Ethical testing ensures that user data is not exploited, misused, or sold without consent. This includes testing data anonymization, consent mechanisms, and adherence to privacy regulations. Testers should identify any features that could lead to unethical data collection or profiling.

By promoting a culture of high-quality assurance, driven by both technical excellence and strong ethical principles, software developers and testers can contribute to building technology that serves humanity responsibly and justly.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is Breakpoint conference known for?

Breakpoint is renowned as a premier conference in the software testing and quality assurance domain, celebrated for its deep-dive technical sessions, expert speakers, and focus on practical, actionable insights for testers and QA professionals.

It typically covers a wide range of topics including test automation, performance testing, security testing, and methodologies like Agile and DevOps. Set proxy in firefox using selenium

Who is Alan Richardson?

Alan Richardson is a highly respected expert, author, and consultant in the field of software testing and quality assurance, widely known for his pragmatic approach, extensive knowledge in test automation and exploratory testing, and his popular “Evil Tester” online persona.

He is recognized for demystifying complex technical concepts and providing actionable strategies.

What are Alan Richardson’s primary areas of expertise?

Alan Richardson’s primary areas of expertise include test automation architecture, effective use of programming languages like Java for testing, exploratory testing methodologies, and building sustainable test frameworks.

He also emphasizes critical thinking and communication skills for testers.

How can I access Alan Richardson’s resources?

You can access Alan Richardson’s extensive resources primarily through his website, https://www.eviltester.com/, which hosts his blog, articles, online courses, and tools. Jenkins for test automation

He has also authored several influential books available on major online bookstores.

Does Alan Richardson focus on specific programming languages for automation?

Yes, Alan Richardson has a strong focus on Java for test automation, evidenced by his popular book “Java For Testers” and many of his online courses.

However, his principles of good automation design and maintainable code are generally applicable across various programming languages.

What is the “Evil Tester” concept?

The “Evil Tester” is Alan Richardson’s online persona and a brand under which he provides sharp, insightful, and often provocative content on software testing.

It represents a mindset of questioning assumptions, actively seeking out vulnerabilities, and thinking critically about how software can fail. How to write a bug report

Does Alan Richardson cover performance testing?

While his core focus is often on functional and automation testing, Alan Richardson does touch upon the importance of performance testing, especially in the context of integrating non-functional requirements early in the development cycle.

He emphasizes understanding performance basics and leveraging available tools.

Is security testing part of Alan Richardson’s discussions?

Yes, Alan Richardson encourages testers to adopt a security-aware mindset and look for common vulnerabilities during their testing activities.

He advocates for integrating security considerations into the broader quality assurance process, even if he doesn’t specialize in deep penetration testing.

What is Alan Richardson’s stance on manual vs. automated testing?

Alan Richardson believes both manual exploratory and automated testing are crucial and complementary. Jest framework tutorial

He advocates for automating repetitive checks to free up human testers to perform more valuable, human-centric exploratory testing that uncovers deeper issues.

How does Alan Richardson advise on building maintainable test automation frameworks?

He advises on building maintainable test automation frameworks by emphasizing good software design principles for test code, using design patterns like Page Object Model, writing clean and readable code, and separating test data from test logic to minimize duplication and simplify updates.

Does Alan Richardson offer courses for beginners in testing?

Yes, some of Alan Richardson’s resources, particularly his “Java For Testers” course, are designed to equip testers with foundational programming skills, making them suitable for beginners who want to build a strong technical base in automation.

How does Alan Richardson contribute to the Agile testing community?

Alan Richardson significantly contributes to the Agile testing community by advocating for “shift left” practices, continuous testing, and the integration of testers as crucial, collaborative members of cross-functional Agile and DevOps teams, as detailed in his book “Agile Testing Essentials.”

What kind of insights can I expect from an Alan Richardson session at Breakpoint?

You can expect deep technical insights, practical coding examples, actionable strategies for improving test automation and exploratory testing, and a challenging perspective on traditional testing methodologies, all delivered with a focus on immediate applicability. Html5 browser compatible

Does Alan Richardson provide advice on career development for testers?

Yes, through his blog posts and online content, Alan Richardson often shares insights and advice on career development for testers, emphasizing the importance of continuous learning, acquiring new technical skills, and developing a critical, adaptive mindset.

What is the typical audience for Alan Richardson’s talks?

The typical audience for Alan Richardson’s talks includes software testers, QA engineers, test automation engineers, developers, and team leads who are keen on improving their software quality practices, from beginners to experienced professionals looking to refine their skills.

Has Alan Richardson published any content on mobile app testing?

While his core principles apply universally, Alan Richardson’s specific public resources may not exclusively focus on mobile app testing.

However, the foundational concepts he teaches for web and API automation are often transferable to mobile testing paradigms.

Does Alan Richardson discuss test management tools?

While he might mention tools in the context of broader strategies, Alan Richardson’s primary focus is typically on the underlying principles, techniques, and coding practices rather than specific test management tools. His emphasis is on how to use tools effectively, not just which tools to use.

What is Alan Richardson’s view on quality assurance vs. quality control?

Alan Richardson generally advocates for a holistic view of quality assurance, pushing for quality to be “built in” throughout the software development lifecycle rather than just “checked for” at the end quality control. He emphasizes proactive quality activities and team responsibility.

Can I find video recordings of Alan Richardson’s past Breakpoint talks?

Yes, if Breakpoint records and publishes its sessions, you can often find video recordings of Alan Richardson’s past talks on platforms like YouTube or the official Breakpoint website’s archives.

It’s always worth searching for “Alan Richardson Breakpoint” on these platforms.

How does Alan Richardson emphasize the importance of communication in testing?

Alan Richardson strongly emphasizes that testers are facilitators of quality conversations.

He focuses on teaching testers how to effectively communicate risks, write clear and concise bug reports, and foster better collaboration between development and testing teams to achieve shared quality goals.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *