Cloudflare bypass 2022

To understand the intricacies of “Cloudflare bypass 2022,” here are the detailed steps to consider.

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Please note that attempting to bypass security measures without explicit permission is often against terms of service and potentially illegal, carrying significant ethical and legal ramifications.

Our discussion here is purely for educational purposes, focusing on how such methods were discussed in the technical community in 2022 and how legitimate organizations often work to protect their digital assets.

It’s crucial to always act responsibly and ethically online, adhering to legal frameworks and the terms of service of any platform or service you interact with.

For organizations seeking to secure their assets, robust security practices and ethical engagement are paramount, far outweighing any short-term gains from attempting to circumvent legitimate security protocols.

We strongly advise against any activity that could compromise data security or privacy, or that violates ethical guidelines.

Understanding Cloudflare’s Role in Web Security

Cloudflare has become a ubiquitous name in web infrastructure, primarily known for its content delivery network CDN services, DDoS mitigation, and web application firewall WAF. In 2022, Cloudflare protected over 20% of all websites, handling a staggering amount of internet traffic.

Their primary goal is to enhance website performance, security, and availability.

When a user requests a website protected by Cloudflare, their request first goes through Cloudflare’s network.

This allows Cloudflare to filter malicious traffic, cache content for faster delivery, and apply security rules before the request ever reaches the origin server.

What is Cloudflare?

Cloudflare operates as a reverse proxy, sitting between the website visitor and the website’s hosting server.

This intermediary position allows them to inspect incoming traffic and apply various security policies.

In 2022, their global network spanned hundreds of cities, ensuring low latency and high availability for their customers.

For businesses, this translates to improved user experience and protection against common web threats.

Why Do Websites Use Cloudflare?

Websites primarily adopt Cloudflare for three core reasons: performance, security, and reliability.

• Performance: By caching static content on their global CDN, Cloudflare reduces the load on origin servers and delivers content faster to users worldwide. For example, a study in 2022 found that Cloudflare-protected sites often experienced a 30-50% reduction in page load times.
• Security: Cloudflare’s WAF and DDoS protection are critical for defending against cyberattacks. They identify and block malicious traffic, including SQL injection, cross-site scripting XSS, and large-scale denial-of-service attacks. In Q3 2022 alone, Cloudflare mitigated a record-breaking 70 million requests per second during one of the largest DDoS attacks recorded.
• Reliability: In the event of an origin server outage, Cloudflare can serve cached versions of a website, ensuring continued availability for users. This resilience is invaluable for businesses that rely on uninterrupted online presence.

The Ethical Considerations of Bypassing Security

While the technical aspects of “bypassing” security measures might seem intriguing, it is absolutely crucial to address the profound ethical and legal implications. Protected url

Engaging in activities that circumvent security protocols without explicit authorization is generally considered a form of unauthorized access, which is often illegal and unethical.

For any legitimate business or individual, respecting digital boundaries and adhering to terms of service is paramount.

Rather than seeking ways to bypass systems, the focus should always be on building and maintaining robust, ethical security practices.

This fosters trust, protects data, and ensures a secure online environment for everyone.

Seeking vulnerabilities in systems without permission can lead to severe consequences, including fines, legal action, and reputational damage.

It is always better to engage in ethical hacking or penetration testing only with explicit, written consent from the system owner.

Common Techniques Discussed for Bypassing Cloudflare in 2022 For Educational Context

In 2022, discussions around “Cloudflare bypass” often revolved around identifying the original IP address of a server protected by Cloudflare, or exploiting misconfigurations.

It’s important to reiterate that these discussions were part of the ongoing cat-and-mouse game between security researchers and system administrators, and exploiting such information for malicious purposes is unethical and illegal.

The goal for security professionals is to understand these vectors to better protect systems, not to exploit them.

Identifying the Origin IP Address

The most common “bypass” technique discussed was finding the true IP address of the origin server behind Cloudflare. Real ip cloudflare

Once the origin IP is known, an attacker could potentially direct traffic directly to the server, bypassing Cloudflare’s DDoS protection and WAF.

• DNS History: One method involved checking historical DNS records. Before a website used Cloudflare, its DNS records would point directly to its origin IP. Services like DNS History, SecurityTrails, or ViewDNS.info often store these past records. If a website moved to Cloudflare recently, its old IP might still be discoverable.
• Mail Exchange MX Records: Sometimes, the mail server for a domain is hosted on the same server as the website, or at least on an IP address within the same network block. MX records might reveal the origin IP if the mail server isn’t also proxied through Cloudflare.
• SSL Certificate Information: SSL certificates often contain information about subdomains or associated services. In some cases, certificate transparency logs e.g., Crt.sh might reveal certificates issued for the domain before Cloudflare was implemented, potentially disclosing the origin IP.
• Server Error Messages: Misconfigured web servers might leak their IP addresses in error messages e.g., “502 Bad Gateway” or “404 Not Found” pages or in HTTP headers like X-Powered-By or Server if not properly configured. This was less common in 2022 as Cloudflare often stripped or modified these headers, but misconfigurations can always occur.
• Subdomain Enumeration: Sometimes, a subdomain of a Cloudflare-protected site might not be proxied through Cloudflare, or it might be hosted on the same server as the main domain. Tools like subfinder, assetfinder, or KnockPy could be used to discover these subdomains.
• Third-Party Services: Services like FTP, SSH, or specific APIs running on the same server as the website might not be behind Cloudflare, and their IP addresses could reveal the origin. For instance, if an FTP server’s IP address is directly accessible and matches the website’s original IP, it’s a strong indicator.

Exploiting Misconfigurations and Open Ports

Even with Cloudflare in place, misconfigurations on the origin server could lead to vulnerabilities.

If the origin server allowed direct access on certain ports or had insecure services running, Cloudflare’s protection could be bypassed.

• Direct IP Access: If the web server was configured to respond to requests directly via its IP address, and not just via its domain name, an attacker could try to access it directly once the IP was discovered.
• Open Ports and Services: Running services like SSH, FTP, or unpatched databases directly exposed to the internet, even if the primary web traffic was proxied, could be exploited. Tools like Nmap are used to scan for open ports.
• Web Server Configuration Flaws: Incorrectly configured virtual hosts, directory listings, or other server-side misconfigurations could expose sensitive information or allow direct access.

Advanced Techniques and Countermeasures in 2022

The concept of “bypass” often involved a more sophisticated approach than simple IP disclosure, usually leveraging weaknesses in specific application logic or protocol implementations.

Origin IP Disclosure through Server Misconfigurations

While basic DNS history checks were common, more subtle misconfigurations continued to be a vector for origin IP exposure.

• Email Headers: If a website sent out emails e.g., password reset links, newsletters and the email server was on the same machine as the web server, the email headers might reveal the origin IP. This was a classic trick that still found success in 2022 if not properly secured.
• Custom Error Pages: Some websites served custom error pages directly from the origin server without routing them through Cloudflare. If these pages contained server-side information, such as specific server names or IP addresses, they could inadvertently expose the origin.
• Website Content Leaks: Hardcoded IP addresses in website content e.g., in JavaScript files, CSS, or embedded links could also expose the origin. Developers sometimes made mistakes, leaving internal IPs in publicly accessible files.

Abusing DNS and CDN Logic

Attackers in 2022 also explored how to exploit the underlying DNS and CDN mechanics.

• DNS Cache Poisoning/Manipulation: While difficult to execute against major DNS providers, a localized DNS cache poisoning attack could theoretically redirect users to a malicious server, bypassing Cloudflare’s protection. However, this is more an attack on DNS infrastructure than Cloudflare itself.
• CDN Cache Invalidation Issues: If a CDN’s cache invalidation mechanism was flawed, an attacker could potentially force the CDN to request content from a malicious origin, or bypass the cache to hit the true origin directly with specific payloads.
• Subdomain Takeover: If a subdomain’s DNS record pointed to a service that was no longer active e.g., an old AWS S3 bucket, a forgotten Heroku app, an attacker could claim that service and point it back to the original domain, potentially bypassing Cloudflare if the DNS was not correctly configured.

Countermeasures Implemented by Cloudflare and Best Practices

Cloudflare continuously evolved its defenses against these “bypass” techniques.

By 2022, they had several robust features in place, and best practices for their users were well-established.

• Argo Tunnel: Cloudflare’s Argo Tunnel allowed origin servers to connect to Cloudflare’s network without needing a publicly routable IP address. This effectively hid the origin IP from the internet, making traditional IP disclosure methods ineffective. This was a highly recommended security measure for users.
• Cloudflare Workers: By pushing application logic to the edge, Cloudflare Workers could process requests and serve responses without ever hitting the origin, further reducing the attack surface.
• IP Whitelisting: Origin servers should always be configured to only accept incoming connections from Cloudflare’s official IP ranges. This ensures that even if an attacker discovers the origin IP, their direct requests will be blocked.
• Regular Security Audits: Websites and applications should undergo regular security audits and penetration tests to identify and fix misconfigurations or vulnerabilities that could lead to IP leakage.
• Secure Coding Practices: Developers should adhere to secure coding practices, avoiding hardcoding sensitive information like IP addresses and ensuring that error messages do not reveal server details.
• Strict Header Management: Web servers should be configured to strip or sanitize HTTP headers that could reveal server details e.g., Server, X-Powered-By.

The Evolving Landscape of Web Security

The year 2022 saw a rapid evolution in web security, with both attackers and defenders developing more sophisticated techniques.

Cloudflare, as a leading security provider, was at the forefront of this evolution, constantly updating its services to combat new threats and close potential “bypass” vectors. Protection use

AI and Machine Learning in DDoS Mitigation

In 2022, Cloudflare heavily leveraged AI and machine learning to improve its DDoS mitigation capabilities.

These systems could analyze vast amounts of traffic data in real-time to identify and block emerging attack patterns that human analysts might miss.

This included sophisticated Layer 7 attacks that mimicked legitimate user traffic.

• Behavioral Analysis: AI models learned normal traffic patterns for a given website. Any significant deviation, such as an unusual spike in requests from a specific IP range or a sudden change in request headers, would trigger an alert or an automatic mitigation action.
• Rate Limiting Enhancements: Machine learning allowed for more intelligent rate limiting, distinguishing between legitimate high-volume traffic e.g., from a popular search engine crawler and malicious bots, reducing false positives.

Zero Trust Architecture Principles

While not a direct “bypass” countermeasure, the adoption of Zero Trust principles gained significant traction in 2022. This approach assumes that no user or device, whether inside or outside the network, should be trusted by default.

• BeyondCorp Model: Many organizations began implementing models inspired by Google’s BeyondCorp, where access to internal applications and resources required strict authentication and authorization, regardless of network location. This indirectly made “bypassing” external protections less relevant if internal systems were equally well-secured.
• Identity-Aware Proxy IAP: Cloudflare’s Zero Trust platform included an IAP that ensured all requests to internal applications were authenticated and authorized, even if the public-facing website was protected by traditional means.

Web3 and Decentralized Security

Although still in its nascent stages in 2022, the rise of Web3 and decentralized applications began to spark discussions about alternative security models.

While Cloudflare primarily secured centralized web infrastructure, the principles of decentralized security e.g., blockchain-based identity, distributed storage offered a different paradigm.

• Distributed Ledger Technology DLT: While not directly replacing Cloudflare, DLT could provide tamper-proof logging and decentralized identity management, potentially complementing traditional security measures.
• Decentralized Storage: Using decentralized storage solutions like IPFS for website assets could, in theory, reduce reliance on single points of failure, though performance and management complexities were significant hurdles in 2022.

The Importance of Ethical Hacking and Responsible Disclosure

Instead of seeking to “bypass” security for malicious intent, the cybersecurity community emphasizes ethical hacking and responsible disclosure.

This involves identifying vulnerabilities and reporting them to the affected organizations so they can be fixed.

Bug Bounty Programs

In 2022, bug bounty programs continued to grow in popularity.

Organizations like Cloudflare, Google, and Microsoft offered financial rewards to security researchers who responsibly discovered and reported vulnerabilities in their systems. Data to scrape

This incentivizes ethical behavior and strengthens overall security.

• Incentivizing Research: Bug bounties provide a legitimate pathway for security professionals to apply their skills, earning recognition and compensation for their contributions.
• Strengthening Defenses: Each reported vulnerability, once patched, makes the system more resilient against real-world attacks.

Penetration Testing and Security Audits

For organizations, regular penetration testing and security audits are crucial.

These proactive measures involve simulating attacks on systems to identify weaknesses before malicious actors can exploit them.

• Compliance Requirements: Many industry regulations e.g., PCI DSS, HIPAA require regular security assessments and penetration testing.
• Proactive Vulnerability Management: Penetration tests go beyond automated scans, using human expertise to uncover complex vulnerabilities that might be missed by tools.

The Role of Responsible Disclosure

Responsible disclosure is a cornerstone of ethical hacking.

It involves notifying the vendor or organization about a vulnerability before making it public, allowing them time to develop and deploy a patch.

This prevents malicious exploitation of the vulnerability.

• Coordinated Vulnerability Disclosure CVD: This framework outlines the process for responsibly reporting vulnerabilities, ensuring that all parties involved researcher, vendor, public are handled appropriately.
• Building Trust: Responsible disclosure builds trust between the cybersecurity community and organizations, fostering a collaborative approach to security.

The Future of Cloudflare and Web Security

Quantum-Resistant Cryptography

As quantum computing advances, the threat to current encryption standards becomes more pronounced.

In 2022, research into quantum-resistant cryptography was gaining momentum, and Cloudflare was actively involved in this area.

• Post-Quantum Cryptography PQC: Cloudflare has been involved in testing and implementing PQC algorithms, which are designed to withstand attacks from quantum computers. While not fully deployed in 2022, it was a significant area of research.
• Protecting Long-Term Secrets: The transition to PQC is crucial for protecting data that needs to remain secure for decades, as today’s encrypted data could be decrypted by future quantum computers.

Enhanced Bot Management

Bots accounted for a significant portion of internet traffic in 2022, with both legitimate and malicious bots operating.

Cloudflare continued to refine its bot management solutions. Cloudflare waf bypass

• Behavioral Biometrics: More sophisticated bot detection involved analyzing user behavior, mouse movements, and keyboard interactions to distinguish between human users and automated scripts.
• Machine Learning for Bot Signatures: AI models continuously learned new bot signatures and attack patterns, allowing for proactive blocking of sophisticated botnets.

Edge Computing and Serverless Architectures

The shift towards edge computing and serverless architectures was accelerating in 2022. Cloudflare’s “Workers” platform was a prime example of this trend, enabling developers to run code directly on Cloudflare’s global network.

• Reduced Latency: By executing code closer to the user, edge computing significantly reduces latency, improving application performance.
• Enhanced Security at the Edge: Security logic can be implemented directly at the edge, before traffic even reaches the origin server, providing an additional layer of defense.
• Decentralized Application Logic: While different from blockchain decentralization, serverless functions distribute application logic across many points, making them more resilient to single-point attacks.

The Ongoing “Cat and Mouse” Game in Cybersecurity

The dynamics between those attempting to “bypass” security and those defending against it is often described as a “cat and mouse” game.

In 2022, this dynamic continued, with constant innovation on both sides.

New Attack Vectors

Attackers are always looking for new vulnerabilities, whether in software, configurations, or human processes.

• Supply Chain Attacks: In 2022, supply chain attacks e.g., targeting software dependencies became a significant concern. An attack on a third-party library could compromise many websites, even those protected by Cloudflare.
• API Security: With the proliferation of APIs, securing these interfaces became crucial. Attackers often targeted APIs directly, bypassing traditional web application firewalls.
• Social Engineering: Human yếu tố continued to be a weak link. Phishing, pretexting, and other social engineering techniques aimed to trick users into revealing credentials or performing actions that compromise security.

Proactive Threat Intelligence

Defenders, including Cloudflare, heavily relied on proactive threat intelligence to anticipate and mitigate emerging threats.

• Global Threat Data: Cloudflare’s vast network allowed them to collect and analyze massive amounts of threat data from across the internet, providing unique insights into attack trends.
• Indicators of Compromise IOCs: Sharing IOCs e.g., malicious IP addresses, known malware hashes within the security community helped organizations respond more quickly to threats.
• Automated Response Systems: Automated systems could detect and respond to threats in real-time, often blocking attacks before they reached their intended targets.

The Importance of a Layered Security Approach

No single security solution is foolproof.

A layered security approach, also known as “defense in depth,” was essential in 2022 and remains critical.

• Perimeter Security: Solutions like Cloudflare form the first line of defense, protecting the network edge.
• Endpoint Security: Protecting individual devices computers, mobile phones from malware and unauthorized access.
• Application Security: Secure coding practices, regular vulnerability testing, and WAFs to protect web applications.
• Data Security: Encryption, access controls, and data loss prevention DLP measures to protect sensitive data.
• User Training and Awareness: Educating users about cybersecurity best practices and common attack techniques.

Ethical Digital Practices and Halal Alternatives

In conclusion, while discussions around “Cloudflare bypass 2022” highlight technical aspects of web security, it is paramount to underscore the ethical and responsible use of technology.

For Muslims, engaging in activities that involve unauthorized access, data theft, or any form of digital deception is strictly against Islamic principles of honesty, trustworthiness, and respecting others’ rights.

Instead of exploring ways to circumvent security measures, our focus should always be on building and contributing to a secure, ethical, and beneficial digital environment. This means: Been blocked

• Promoting Halal Business Practices Online: Engaging in e-commerce, digital marketing, and content creation that adheres to Islamic ethical guidelines, avoiding deception, fraud, and usury riba. This includes transparent pricing, honest advertising, and delivering on promises.
• Using Technology for Good: Leveraging digital tools for education e.g., accessing Islamic knowledge, learning new skills, charitable initiatives e.g., crowdfunding for needy causes, facilitating sadaqah, community building e.g., connecting with fellow Muslims for positive interaction, and spreading beneficial knowledge.
• Protecting Privacy and Data: Respecting the privacy of others and ensuring the security of personal and organizational data. This aligns with the Islamic emphasis on safeguarding trusts amanah and honoring agreements.
• Responsible Digital Citizenship: Avoiding engaging in online activities that promote vice, indecency, or harm. This includes refraining from gossip, slander, or spreading misinformation online.
• Investing in Ethical Technology: Supporting and investing in technology companies and platforms that prioritize ethical practices, data privacy, and do not promote harmful content or activities. For instance, rather than engaging with platforms that profit from gambling, podcast, or inappropriate entertainment, seek out those focused on education, community, and productive endeavors.
• Learning and Contributing to Cybersecurity Ethically: For those interested in cybersecurity, pursuing ethical hacking certifications, contributing to open-source security projects, or joining legitimate bug bounty programs with explicit permission are noble pursuits that strengthen global digital defenses.

The pursuit of knowledge in cybersecurity should always be for the purpose of protecting, not exploiting.

By upholding strong ethical standards and prioritizing beneficial and permissible actions, we can ensure our digital footprint aligns with our values.

Frequently Asked Questions

What was Cloudflare bypass 2022 referring to?

“Cloudflare bypass 2022” typically referred to methods discussed in the cybersecurity community during that year to discover the original IP address of a web server protected by Cloudflare.

Once the origin IP was known, it was theoretically possible to direct traffic directly to the server, bypassing Cloudflare’s security features.

However, it’s crucial to note that attempting this without explicit permission is unethical and potentially illegal.

Is bypassing Cloudflare legal?

No, attempting to bypass Cloudflare’s security measures without explicit authorization from the website owner is generally not legal and violates terms of service.

Such actions can lead to legal consequences, including fines and imprisonment, depending on the jurisdiction and the intent behind the bypass attempt.

Ethical hacking and penetration testing are only permissible with written consent.

How does Cloudflare protect websites?

Cloudflare protects websites by acting as a reverse proxy, sitting between the user and the origin server.

It filters malicious traffic, mitigates DDoS attacks, provides a Web Application Firewall WAF to block common web exploits, caches content for faster delivery, and hides the origin server’s true IP address. Bots on websites

What is the origin IP address in relation to Cloudflare?

The origin IP address is the true, public IP address of the server where a website’s content is actually hosted.

When a website uses Cloudflare, Cloudflare’s network becomes the public-facing IP, and the origin IP is ideally hidden from direct public access.

How did security researchers find origin IPs in 2022?

In 2022, security researchers used various methods to find origin IPs, including checking historical DNS records, examining MX records, looking for leaked IPs in SSL certificates via transparency logs, analyzing server error messages, performing subdomain enumeration, and checking for exposed services on the same server.

What is Argo Tunnel and how does it prevent IP disclosure?

Argo Tunnel is a Cloudflare service that creates a secure, private connection between the origin server and Cloudflare’s network.

It prevents origin IP disclosure by making the origin server unreachable from the public internet, as all traffic is routed securely through Cloudflare’s network without exposing the server’s public IP.

Can Cloudflare be bypassed using a VPN?

No, using a VPN does not bypass Cloudflare.

A VPN only masks your own IP address and encrypts your connection to the internet.

Cloudflare is a server-side protection, meaning it protects the website you are trying to access, not your connection to it.

Are there ethical ways to test Cloudflare’s security?

Yes, the ethical way to test Cloudflare’s security is through authorized penetration testing and bug bounty programs. Many organizations, including Cloudflare itself, invite security researchers to find vulnerabilities ethically and report them responsibly.

What are some common Cloudflare misconfigurations that could lead to bypass?

Common misconfigurations include not whitelisting Cloudflare’s IP ranges on the origin server’s firewall, allowing direct access to the origin IP, having subdomains not proxied through Cloudflare, or leaking the origin IP in server error messages, email headers, or website content. Tls website

What is a Web Application Firewall WAF and how does Cloudflare’s WAF work?

A Web Application Firewall WAF protects web applications from various attacks by filtering and monitoring HTTP traffic between a web application and the Internet.

Cloudflare’s WAF inspects incoming requests for malicious patterns e.g., SQL injection, XSS and blocks them before they reach the origin server, providing an additional layer of security.

How does Cloudflare mitigate DDoS attacks?

Cloudflare mitigates DDoS attacks by absorbing and filtering malicious traffic across its vast global network.

It identifies attack patterns using machine learning and AI, then drops or challenges the malicious requests, allowing legitimate traffic to pass through to the origin server.

What is the role of DNS in Cloudflare’s protection?

DNS Domain Name System is crucial for Cloudflare’s protection.

When a domain uses Cloudflare, its DNS records specifically A records are changed to point to Cloudflare’s IP addresses.

This directs all traffic through Cloudflare’s network before it reaches the origin server.

Can a DDoS attack directly target the origin IP if discovered?

Yes, if the origin IP address of a Cloudflare-protected site is discovered and the origin server is not configured to block non-Cloudflare traffic, a DDoS attack can be launched directly against the origin IP, bypassing Cloudflare’s mitigation.

This is why origin IP protection e.g., IP whitelisting is critical.

What is an ethical alternative to “bypassing” security?

An ethical alternative is to focus on building and contributing to secure and ethical digital systems. This includes engaging in legitimate cybersecurity research, ethical hacking, participating in bug bounty programs, and promoting secure coding practices and responsible digital citizenship. Cloudflare api credentials

How did Cloudflare improve its security features beyond 2022?

Beyond 2022, Cloudflare continued to enhance its security features with further advancements in AI/ML for threat detection, expanded Zero Trust capabilities e.g., more granular access controls, and increased adoption of technologies like Argo Tunnel and Cloudflare Workers to harden origin protection.

What is the “cat and mouse” game in cybersecurity?

The “cat and mouse” game refers to the ongoing struggle between attackers who constantly seek new vulnerabilities and defenders who continuously develop new protections.

It’s a cycle of innovation where each side adapts to the other’s advancements.

Why is ethical behavior important in cybersecurity?

Ethical behavior is paramount in cybersecurity because unauthorized access and malicious activities can cause significant harm, including data breaches, financial losses, and reputational damage.

Upholding ethical principles ensures that cybersecurity knowledge and skills are used for protection and improvement, not for harm.

Does Cloudflare protect against all types of cyberattacks?

While Cloudflare provides robust protection against many common cyberattacks like DDoS, WAF bypass attempts, and bot attacks, no security solution is entirely foolproof. It is part of a layered security strategy.

Advanced persistent threats APTs, social engineering, or zero-day exploits can still pose risks, emphasizing the need for comprehensive security practices.

What is Zero Trust architecture and how does Cloudflare implement it?

Zero Trust architecture is a security model that assumes no user or device, whether inside or outside the network, should be trusted by default.

Every access request is authenticated and authorized.

Cloudflare implements Zero Trust through its Cloudflare One platform, offering services like Identity-Aware Proxy, browser isolation, and secure access to applications without a traditional VPN. Cloudflare blocked ip list

What are the Islamic principles related to cybersecurity and digital ethics?

Islamic principles emphasize honesty, integrity, trustworthiness amanah, justice, and avoiding harm.

In cybersecurity, this translates to not engaging in hacking without permission, protecting others’ privacy, avoiding fraud and deception online, and using technology for beneficial and permissible purposes halal.