How to write test cases for login page

To write robust test cases for a login page, here are the detailed steps:

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Start by identifying all possible inputs and scenarios, both valid and invalid.

This includes understanding the expected behavior for successful logins, as well as how the system should handle incorrect credentials, empty fields, and various edge cases.

Focus on breaking down the login process into smaller, testable units.

For instance, consider UI elements like username/password fields, buttons, and links, along with backend functionalities like authentication and error handling.

A structured approach, often leveraging techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis, will ensure comprehensive coverage.

Don’t forget to include security considerations and performance aspects.

Functional Testing for Login Page

This section covers the core functionality of the login page, ensuring it behaves as expected under various conditions.

Valid Login Scenarios

• Test Case 1: Valid Username and Valid Password

  • Description: Verify that a user can successfully log in with correct, registered credentials.
  • Steps:
    1. Navigate to the login page.
    2. Enter a valid username in the username field.
    3. Enter a valid password in the password field.
    4. Click the “Login” button.
  • Expected Result: User is redirected to the dashboard/home page. A success message might be displayed.
  • Data: Use registered user credentials e.g., [email protected], StrongP@ss1.
  • Real-world impact: According to a report by Gemalto, 75% of data breaches involve stolen or weak credentials. Robust testing here prevents unauthorized access.

• Test Case 2: Case Sensitivity for Username if applicable

  • Description: Verify how the system handles different casing for the username if it’s supposed to be case-insensitive.
    2. Enter a valid username with different casing e.g., [email protected] if [email protected] is registered.
    3. Enter a valid password.
  • Expected Result: User is successfully logged in if username is case-insensitive.
  • Data: [email protected], [email protected].
  • Consideration: Most modern systems treat email usernames as case-insensitive for user convenience.

• Test Case 3: Case Sensitivity for Password

  • Description: Verify that the system correctly handles case sensitivity for the password.
    2. Enter a valid username.
    3. Enter a valid password with incorrect casing e.g., strongp@ss1 if StrongP@ss1 is correct.
  • Expected Result: Login fails. An appropriate error message is displayed e.g., “Invalid username or password”.
  • Data: [email protected], strongp@ss1 wrong casing.
  • Security Note: Passwords should always be case-sensitive for stronger security.

Invalid Login Scenarios

• Test Case 4: Invalid Username

  • Description: Verify that login fails with an unregistered or incorrect username.
    2. Enter an invalid/unregistered username e.g., [email protected].
  • Expected Result: Login fails. An error message e.g., “Invalid username or password” is displayed. Crucially, the error message should be generic to prevent username enumeration attacks.
  • Data: [email protected], StrongP@ss1.

• Test Case 5: Invalid Password

  • Description: Verify that login fails with an incorrect password for a registered username.
    3. Enter an invalid password e.g., wrongpassword.
  • Expected Result: Login fails. An error message e.g., “Invalid username or password” is displayed.
  • Data: [email protected], wrongpassword.

• Test Case 6: Empty Username Field

  • Description: Verify that the system handles an empty username field.
    2. Leave the username field empty.
  • Expected Result: An error message is displayed e.g., “Username cannot be empty” or form validation message. The form should not submit.
  • Data: Empty username, StrongP@ss1.

• Test Case 7: Empty Password Field

  • Description: Verify that the system handles an empty password field.
    3. Leave the password field empty.
  • Expected Result: An error message is displayed e.g., “Password cannot be empty” or form validation message. The form should not submit.
  • Data: [email protected], Empty password.

• Test Case 8: Both Fields Empty

  • Description: Verify behavior when both username and password fields are empty.
    2. Leave both username and password fields empty.
    3. Click the “Login” button.
  • Expected Result: Error messages for both fields should be displayed, or a general error indicating missing credentials. Form should not submit.
  • Data: Empty username, Empty password.

• Test Case 9: Incorrect Username and Password Combination

  • Description: Verify that login fails when both credentials are incorrect.
    2. Enter an invalid username.
    3. Enter an invalid password.
  • Expected Result: Login fails with a generic error message e.g., “Invalid username or password”.
  • Data: [email protected], wrongpassword.

UI/UX and Usability Testing

This area focuses on the user experience, ensuring the login page is intuitive, accessible, and visually appealing.

Page Elements and Layout

• Test Case 10: Presence of All Expected Elements

  • Description: Verify that all necessary UI elements username field, password field, login button, forgot password link, etc. are present and visible.
    2. Visually inspect the page.
  • Expected Result: All expected elements are present and correctly rendered.
  • Checklist:
    • Username/Email input field
    • Password input field
    • “Login” button
    • “Forgot Password?” link
    • “Remember Me” checkbox if applicable
    • “Sign Up” or “Register” link if applicable
    • Company logo/branding
    • Any legal/privacy links.

• Test Case 11: Field Labels and Placeholders

  • Description: Verify that input fields have clear labels or descriptive placeholders.

    2. Check the username and password fields for labels/placeholders.

  • Expected Result: Labels like “Username” or “Email Address” and “Password” are clearly visible. Placeholders like “Enter your email” or “••••••••” are displayed if labels are not used.

• Test Case 12: “Forgot Password” Link Functionality

  • Description: Verify that the “Forgot Password?” link redirects to the correct page.
    2. Click the “Forgot Password?” link.
  • Expected Result: User is redirected to the password reset page.
  • Statistics: A survey by Statista in 2023 showed that over 60% of internet users forget their passwords at least once a month. This link is crucial for user retention.

• Test Case 13: “Remember Me” Checkbox Functionality

  • Description: Verify that the “Remember Me” checkbox correctly persists user login state if implemented.

    2. Enter valid credentials.

    3. Check the “Remember Me” checkbox.

    4. Click “Login.”

    5. Log out.

    6. Close the browser.

    7. Re-open the browser and navigate to the site.

  • Expected Result: User is automatically logged in or their username is pre-filled.
  • Security Note: For sensitive applications, this feature should be carefully implemented with short-lived, secured tokens to minimize risk.

Input Field Behavior

• Test Case 14: Password Field Masking

  • Description: Verify that the password field masks the entered characters e.g., with asterisks or dots.

    2. Type characters into the password field.

  • Expected Result: Characters entered into the password field are masked.

  • Observation: Also check for a “Show Password” toggle if present, ensuring it functions correctly.

• Test Case 15: Input Field Focus Order Tab Index

  • Description: Verify that the tab key moves focus sequentially between input fields and buttons.
    2. Press the “Tab” key repeatedly.
  • Expected Result: Focus moves from the username field to the password field, then to the login button, and then to other interactive elements in a logical order.
  • Accessibility: This is vital for users who rely on keyboard navigation.

• Test Case 16: Input Field Max Length Validation Frontend

  • Description: Verify that the input fields have a maximum length limit on the frontend to prevent excessively long inputs.

    2. Attempt to enter a very long string e.g., 200+ characters into the username/password fields.

  • Expected Result: The input field should prevent typing beyond its defined maximum length, or truncate the input.

  • Benefit: Prevents potential denial-of-service DoS attacks or buffer overflows.

Security Testing Considerations

Security is paramount for any login system. These tests aim to identify vulnerabilities.

Brute Force and Account Lockout

• Test Case 17: Account Lockout Policy Enforcement

  • Description: Verify that the system locks out an account after a specified number of consecutive failed login attempts.
    3. Enter invalid passwords repeatedly e.g., 5-10 times, based on policy.
  • Expected Result: After the configured number of attempts, the account should be locked e.g., for 5-15 minutes, and a message indicating the lockout should be displayed. Subsequent login attempts for that account should fail during the lockout period.
  • Data: [email protected], multiple incorrect passwords.
  • Industry Standard: Most systems implement a lockout after 3-5 failed attempts. The OWASP Top 10 lists “Broken Authentication” as a critical security risk.

• Test Case 18: CAPTCHA Implementation if applicable

  • Description: Verify that CAPTCHA or reCAPTCHA appears after multiple failed attempts to prevent automated attacks.

    2. Attempt multiple failed logins e.g., 3-5 attempts.

  • Expected Result: A CAPTCHA challenge appears, which must be solved before further login attempts are allowed.

  • Benefit: Significantly reduces the effectiveness of brute-force and credential stuffing attacks.

Session Management

• Test Case 19: Session Expiration on Inactivity

  • Description: Verify that a user’s session expires after a period of inactivity.

    1. Log in successfully.

    2. Leave the application idle for a predefined period e.g., 15-30 minutes.

    3. Attempt to navigate to another page or perform an action.

  • Expected Result: User is automatically logged out and redirected to the login page.
  • Security Standard: Essential to prevent unauthorized access if a user leaves their device unattended.

• Test Case 20: Logout Functionality

  • Description: Verify that clicking the “Logout” button terminates the user’s session and redirects them to the login page.
    2. Click the “Logout” button.
  • Expected Result: User is logged out, session cookies are cleared, and they are redirected to the login page. Attempting to navigate back using the browser’s back button should redirect to the login page.

Input Validation Beyond Basic Functional

• Test Case 21: SQL Injection Prevention

  • Description: Verify that the system is resistant to SQL injection attempts in the username/password fields.

    2. Enter SQL injection payloads into the username and/or password fields e.g., ' OR '1'='1.
    3. Click “Login.”

  • Expected Result: Login should fail. No database errors should be exposed. The application should handle the input gracefully without revealing backend details or allowing unauthorized access.

  • Critical Risk: SQL injection is one of the most common and dangerous web vulnerabilities. Data breaches like the Equifax breach impacting 147 million people often involve such vulnerabilities.

• Test Case 22: Cross-Site Scripting XSS Prevention

  • Description: Verify that the system sanitizes input to prevent XSS attacks in error messages or redirects.

    2. Enter an XSS payload e.g., <script>alert'XSS'</script> into the username field, then an invalid password.
    3. Observe the error message.

  • Expected Result: The script should not execute. The input should be properly encoded or sanitized in any displayed error messages.

  • Impact: XSS can lead to session hijacking, defacement, or redirection to malicious sites.

Performance Testing

Performance testing ensures the login page remains responsive under various load conditions.

Load and Stress Testing

• Test Case 23: Login Page Load Time Normal Conditions

  • Description: Measure the time it takes for the login page to load under typical user traffic.

    1. Use a performance testing tool e.g., Apache JMeter, LoadRunner to simulate a moderate number of concurrent users accessing the login page.

  • Expected Result: The page should load within an acceptable timeframe e.g., under 3 seconds for optimal user experience, as cited by Google and Akamai studies.

  • User Impact: Slow loading times lead to high bounce rates. Amazon found that for every 100ms of latency, they lost 1% in sales.

    

• Test Case 24: Concurrent Login Attempts

  • Description: Verify that the system can handle a large number of simultaneous login attempts without degradation in performance or errors.

    1. Simulate a high number of concurrent users e.g., 500-1000 attempting to log in within a short period using performance testing tools.

  • Expected Result:

    • Login response times remain stable.
    • Error rates are negligible e.g., < 0.1%.
    • Database and server resource utilization are within acceptable limits.

  • Real-world scenario: This is critical during peak times like marketing campaigns or major events.

Response Times

• Test Case 25: Login Response Time Successful Login

  • Description: Measure the time taken from clicking the “Login” button to successful redirection to the dashboard.
    1. Perform multiple successful logins.
    2. Measure the time for each transaction.
  • Expected Result: Average login response time should be fast e.g., under 1-2 seconds.
  • Performance Metric: This is a key metric for user satisfaction.

• Test Case 26: Login Response Time Failed Login

  • Description: Measure the time taken from clicking the “Login” button to displaying an error message for failed attempts.
    1. Perform multiple failed logins.
  • Expected Result: Error messages should appear almost instantaneously e.g., under 0.5 seconds, providing immediate feedback to the user.

Compatibility Testing

This section ensures the login page functions correctly across different environments.

Browser Compatibility

• Test Case 27: Cross-Browser Functionality

  • Description: Verify that the login page functions correctly and renders consistently across major web browsers.

  • Browsers to Test:

    • Google Chrome latest stable version – ~65% market share StatCounter, 2023
    • Mozilla Firefox latest stable version – ~7% market share
    • Microsoft Edge latest stable version – ~10% market share
    • Apple Safari latest stable version on macOS/iOS – ~18% market share

    1. Open the login page in each specified browser.

    2. Perform successful and unsuccessful logins.

    3. Check UI rendering, field behavior, and error messages.

  • Expected Result: All functionalities work as expected, and the UI appears consistent across all supported browsers.

• Test Case 28: Browser Zoom Levels

  • Description: Verify that the login page remains usable and visually appealing at different browser zoom levels.

    1. Open the login page in a browser.

    2. Adjust zoom levels e.g., 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%.

  • Expected Result: Layout doesn’t break, text is readable, and elements are still accessible.

Device and Operating System Compatibility

• Test Case 29: Responsiveness on Different Screen Sizes

  • Description: Verify that the login page adapts and displays correctly on various screen resolutions and device types desktop, tablet, mobile.

    1. Test on different actual devices or use browser developer tools to simulate various screen sizes.
    2. Perform login attempts.

  • Expected Result: The layout is responsive, elements are appropriately sized, and user experience is consistent across devices.

  • Mobile First: With over 50% of web traffic coming from mobile devices Statista, 2023, responsive design is non-negotiable.

• Test Case 30: Operating System Compatibility if applicable for desktop apps

  • Description: If the login is part of a desktop application, verify functionality across different operating systems e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux.

    1. Install and run the application on each target OS.
    2. Perform login operations.

  • Expected Result: Login functions identically and reliably across all supported operating systems.

Accessibility Testing

Accessibility ensures the login page is usable by individuals with disabilities.

Keyboard Navigation

• Test Case 31: Full Keyboard Usability

  • Description: Verify that all interactive elements on the login page can be accessed and operated using only the keyboard Tab, Enter, Space keys.

    2. Use only the keyboard to navigate through fields, enter data, and click the login button.

  • Expected Result: All functionalities are accessible via keyboard, and focus indicators are clearly visible.

Screen Reader Compatibility

• Test Case 32: Screen Reader Readability
  • Description: Verify that screen readers e.g., JAWS, NVDA, VoiceOver can correctly read out labels, instructions, and error messages.

    1. Enable a screen reader.

    2. Navigate through the login page using the screen reader.

  • Expected Result: Labels username, password, placeholders, button text, and error messages are correctly announced by the screen reader, providing a clear context for visually impaired users.
  • Compliance: Adhering to WCAG Web Content Accessibility Guidelines is crucial. A 2022 WebAIM study found that 96.3% of home pages had WCAG 2.0 failures.

Color Contrast

• Test Case 33: Sufficient Color Contrast

  • Description: Verify that there is sufficient color contrast between text and background elements for readability.

    1. Use a color contrast analyzer tool e.g., WebAIM Contrast Checker.

    2. Check the contrast ratio of text elements labels, error messages against their backgrounds.

  • Expected Result: Color contrast meets or exceeds WCAG AA standards typically a ratio of 4.5:1 for normal text.

Error Handling and Messaging

Clear, concise, and helpful error messages are vital for a good user experience.

Error Message Validation

• Test Case 34: Meaningful Error Messages

  • Description: Verify that error messages are clear, specific, and actionable, guiding the user to correct the issue.

    1. Trigger various invalid login scenarios empty fields, wrong credentials, account locked.

  • Expected Result: Error messages like “Username is required,” “Password cannot be empty,” or “Invalid username or password” are displayed, rather than generic or technical errors.

  • Best Practice: Error messages should not reveal too much information about the specific failure e.g., “Username not found” vs. “Invalid username or password” to prevent enumeration attacks.

• Test Case 35: Error Message Placement and Visibility

  • Description: Verify that error messages are prominently displayed near the relevant input field or at the top of the form, and remain visible until corrected.
    1. Trigger an error.
  • Expected Result: The error message is easily seen by the user and is not hidden by other elements.

User Feedback on Attempts

• Test Case 36: Handling Too Many Attempts

  • Description: Verify the user feedback when the account lockout threshold is reached.

    1. Perform repeated failed logins until the account is locked.

  • Expected Result: A clear message informs the user that the account is locked and suggests actions e.g., “Your account has been locked due to too many failed attempts. Please try again in 15 minutes or use ‘Forgot Password’”.

Internationalization I18n and Localization L10n Testing

If the application supports multiple languages or regions, this testing is essential.

Language and Locale Support

• Test Case 37: Language Switching

  • Description: Verify that all text on the login page translates correctly when the language is changed.

    1. Switch the application’s language if a switcher is available.
    2. Observe the login page.

  • Expected Result: All labels, buttons, messages, and links on the login page are displayed in the selected language.

• Test Case 38: Date/Time/Number Formatting if applicable

  • Description: Verify that any date, time, or number formats related to login e.g., “account locked until…” are displayed correctly according to the chosen locale.
    1. Change the locale settings.
    2. Observe any relevant displays.
  • Expected Result: Formats adhere to local conventions e.g., MM/DD/YYYY vs. DD/MM/YYYY.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are test cases for a login page?

Test cases for a login page are a set of specific conditions or actions designed to verify that the login functionality works as expected and is secure.

They outline steps, inputs, and expected outcomes to ensure both successful and unsuccessful login attempts are handled correctly.

Why is writing comprehensive test cases for a login page important?

Writing comprehensive test cases is crucial because the login page is often the primary entry point to an application.

Thorough testing ensures security against unauthorized access, provides a good user experience, prevents data breaches, and maintains user trust.

What are the main types of test cases for a login page?

The main types include functional tests valid/invalid credentials, empty fields, UI/UX tests layout, responsiveness, security tests brute force, SQL injection, XSS, performance tests load times, concurrency, and compatibility tests browsers, devices. Understanding element not interactable exception in selenium

How do you test a successful login scenario?

To test a successful login, you typically use a registered username and its correct password.

The expected result is redirection to the user dashboard or home page, possibly with a success message.

What are some common invalid login scenarios to test?

Common invalid scenarios include incorrect username, incorrect password, empty username, empty password, both fields empty, account locked due to too many attempts, and attempting to log in with disabled or unverified accounts.

Should I test case sensitivity for username and password?

Yes, it’s essential.

Passwords should always be case-sensitive for security. Simplifying native app testing

Usernames especially email addresses might be case-insensitive, so you should test both behaviors according to the system’s requirements.

How do you test the “Forgot Password” link?

Test the “Forgot Password” link by clicking it and verifying that it redirects the user to the correct password reset page.

You should also ensure the process for password recovery e.g., email verification functions correctly.

What security aspects should be covered in login page test cases?

Key security aspects include testing for SQL injection, Cross-Site Scripting XSS, brute-force attacks account lockout policy, session management expiration, logout, and ensuring generic error messages to prevent username enumeration.

How many failed login attempts should trigger an account lockout?

The number of failed login attempts before an account lockout varies by security policy, but typically it’s between 3 to 5 attempts. Browserstack newsletter september 2023

Test cases should verify that the system enforces this policy and provides appropriate user feedback.

What is the importance of performance testing for a login page?

Performance testing ensures that the login page can handle a large number of concurrent users and still respond quickly.

Slow login times can lead to user frustration and abandonment, directly impacting user engagement.

How do you test the “Remember Me” functionality?

To test “Remember Me,” log in successfully with the checkbox enabled, then log out, close the browser, and reopen it.

The expected result is that the user is automatically logged in or their credentials are pre-filled upon returning to the site. Jest mock hook

What should be the expected behavior for error messages on a login page?

Error messages should be clear, concise, and actionable e.g., “Invalid username or password”. They should also be generic for security reasons to avoid revealing if the username exists or not and displayed prominently.

How do you test login page responsiveness on different devices?

Use browser developer tools to simulate various screen sizes or test on actual mobile phones and tablets.

Verify that the layout adjusts correctly, elements are scaled appropriately, and all functionalities remain accessible.

What is accessibility testing for a login page?

Accessibility testing ensures that the login page is usable by people with disabilities.

This includes testing keyboard navigation Tab key, screen reader compatibility, and sufficient color contrast for readability. Javascript web development

Should I include boundary value analysis in login page test cases?

Yes, boundary value analysis is important for input fields.

For example, test the maximum and minimum allowed lengths for username and password fields, as well as just below and just above these boundaries.

How do you test for SQL Injection on a login page?

Enter common SQL injection payloads e.g., ' OR '1'='1 into the username and password fields.

The expected result is that the login fails, no sensitive information is exposed, and no database errors are displayed.

What is a generic error message, and why is it important for login pages?

A generic error message, like “Invalid username or password,” does not differentiate between an incorrect username and an incorrect password. Announcing general availability of test observability

It’s important for security as it prevents malicious actors from enumerating valid usernames through trial and error.

How do you test for Cross-Site Scripting XSS vulnerabilities on a login page?

Attempt to inject XSS payloads e.g., <script>alert'XSS'</script> into the username/password fields.

If the application displays this input in an error message, ensure the script is not executed and the input is properly sanitized or encoded.

What is negative testing for a login page?

Negative testing for a login page involves providing invalid or unexpected inputs to ensure the system handles errors gracefully.

This includes invalid credentials, empty fields, special characters, and very long strings. Web development frameworks

What tools can help in writing and executing login page test cases?

For writing, tools like TestRail or Zephyr can manage test cases.

For execution, manual testing is often complemented by automation frameworks like Selenium for UI, JMeter for performance, and security tools like Burp Suite or OWASP ZAP for vulnerability scanning.