Xml is an example of

XML, or eXtensible Markup Language, is a powerful and versatile tool in the world of computing, primarily recognized as an example of a markup language designed for storing and transporting data. Unlike HTML, which focuses on displaying data, XML’s core purpose is to describe data, making it incredibly flexible and self-descriptive. Think of it as a set of rules for creating your own markup language, allowing you to define your tags to suit your specific data needs. This makes XML ideal for a myriad of applications, from configuring software and exchanging data between disparate systems to serving as the underlying format for complex documents.

To truly grasp what XML is an example of, let’s break it down into key characteristics and uses:

• A Markup Language: At its heart, XML is a markup language. This means it uses tags to define elements within a document. For instance, if you’re describing a book, you might define tags like <title>, <author>, and <genre>.
• Data Serialization Format: XML is frequently employed to serialize data, transforming complex data structures into a format that can be easily stored, transmitted, and reconstructed. This is crucial for applications that need to communicate effectively across different platforms.
• Human-Readable and Machine-Readable: One of XML’s standout features is its dual nature. It’s designed to be easily understood by humans due to its plain text format and descriptive tags, yet it’s also highly structured, making it straightforward for machines to parse and process.
• Platform Independent: Because XML is plain text, it’s not tied to any specific operating system, programming language, or software. This universality is a major reason for its widespread adoption in data exchange.
• W3C Recommendation: XML is a recommendation of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), ensuring that it adheres to open standards and promotes interoperability across the web.

Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of what XML exemplifies:

1. Defining Data Structure: XML allows you to create your own tags, giving you complete control over how you structure your data. For example, to represent product information, you might define:
   • <product>
   • <name>
   • <price>
   • <description>
   • <availability>
2. Facilitating Data Exchange: When two different systems need to share information, XML acts as a universal translator. System A can package data into an XML document, send it to System B, which can then easily parse and understand it, regardless of the underlying technologies.
3. Configuration Files: Many software applications use XML files to store configuration settings. This is because XML’s hierarchical structure is perfect for organizing parameters and options.
4. Web Services (SOAP): Historically, XML played a central role in SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) web services, enabling communication between applications over HTTP. While REST and JSON have gained popularity, XML still underpins many legacy and enterprise systems.
5. Document Formats: Even everyday files like Microsoft Office documents (.docx, .xlsx) are, at their core, collections of XML files. This open format ensures better interoperability and long-term accessibility compared to proprietary binary formats.

Understanding XML’s role as a markup language, a data serialization format, and a cornerstone of interoperability is key to appreciating its enduring relevance in the digital landscape. It’s a testament to good design, making complex data manageable and accessible.

Unpacking XML: More Than Just Another Language

XML, or eXtensible Markup Language, isn’t just a technical curiosity; it’s a fundamental pillar that has quietly shaped much of our digital infrastructure. While it might not always grab the headlines like the latest JavaScript frameworks, its principles of data description and structured information exchange remain incredibly relevant. If you’re looking to truly understand data interchange and document structures, diving into XML is like getting a masterclass in organized information. It provides a robust, platform-independent way to ensure that data can be shared and understood across diverse systems, a crucial factor in today’s interconnected world.

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The Essence of XML: Self-Describing Data

At its core, XML is an example of a self-describing data format. This means that within an XML document, the tags themselves provide context and meaning to the data they enclose. You don’t need an external schema to get a basic understanding of what the data represents, though schemas certainly enhance precision and validation. This self-descriptive nature is a game-changer for interoperability.

• No Predefined Tags: Unlike HTML, where tags like <body> and <p> are fixed, XML allows you to define your own tags. This flexibility is monumental because it means you can create a markup language perfectly tailored to your specific data. Want to describe a product? Create <product>, <name>, <price>, and <description> tags. Need to define a recipe? Use <recipe>, <ingredient>, and <step>. The power is in your hands.
• Contextual Meaning: Consider a simple piece of data: “123”. What does it mean? A quantity? A street number? An ID? In XML, you’d wrap it in a meaningful tag, like <quantity>123</quantity> or <productId>123</productId>. Immediately, the data gains context.
• Human Readability: Because of these descriptive tags, XML documents are often surprisingly easy for humans to read and understand, even without specialized tools. This reduces the barrier to entry for debugging, manual inspection, and collaboration. For instance, an xml request example would clearly show the data being requested by its element names.

This self-describing characteristic was a significant advancement, moving beyond rigid, positional data formats that often required extensive external documentation to interpret. It allowed for more flexible and resilient data exchange.

The Role of XML in Data Transport and Storage

XML truly shines as a mechanism for data transport and storage. Its structured, hierarchical nature makes it incredibly effective for packaging and transmitting data between different applications, systems, and even across networks.

• Platform Independence: As a plain text format, XML doesn’t care if you’re running Windows, Linux, or macOS, or if you’re using Java, Python, or C#. This universal compatibility makes it an excellent choice for systems that need to communicate without being constrained by specific technologies. This was a monumental challenge for data interoperability in the late 90s and early 2000s, and XML provided a robust answer.
• Hierarchical Structure: XML’s tree-like structure mirrors how many real-world data sets are organized. You can have parent elements containing child elements, which in turn contain their own children. This nesting allows for complex data relationships to be represented clearly and logically.
  • Example: A customer might have multiple orders, and each order might have multiple items. XML can represent this naturally:

    <customer id="123">
        <name>Aisha Khan</name>
        <address>123 Main St</address>
        <orders>
            <order id="O001">
                <date>2023-10-26</date>
                <item productId="P101">Laptop</item>
                <item productId="P102">Mouse</item>
            </order>
            <order id="O002">
                <date>2023-11-01</date>
                <item productId="P103">Keyboard</item>
            </order>
        </orders>
    </customer>
    

• Data Validation: While not strictly part of XML itself, XML schemas (like DTDs or XML Schema Definitions – XSDs) allow you to define rules for the structure and content of an XML document. This means you can validate incoming XML data to ensure it conforms to expected standards, significantly reducing errors and improving data quality. This is crucial for large-scale enterprise systems where data integrity is paramount.
• Archival Potential: Because XML is plain text and self-describing, it’s considered an excellent format for long-term data archiving. Even if the original applications that created the XML are no longer available, the data can often still be understood and parsed by future systems. This is why it’s a preferred format in many government and academic institutions for preserving data.

XML’s adaptability for both immediate data transfer and durable storage has cemented its place in various industries, from finance and healthcare to publishing and manufacturing. Nmap port scanning techniques

XML as a Markup Language: A Deep Dive

To say “XML is an example of a markup language” is accurate but deserves further exploration. It’s not just any markup language; it’s a meta-markup language. This distinction is vital because it explains XML’s power and flexibility.

• Meta-Markup Language: HTML is a markup language that defines a set of tags for marking up web pages. XML, on the other hand, provides the rules for creating your own markup languages. You define the tags, their attributes, and their relationships. This means you can literally invent a language to describe anything from music scores to chemical compounds.
• Extensibility: The “eX” in XML stands for “eXtensible.” This is its defining feature. You can extend existing XML documents by adding new tags and structures without breaking compatibility with older parsers, as long as the new elements don’t violate the fundamental well-formedness rules. This allows for evolution and growth in data formats over time.
• Well-Formedness Rules: For an XML document to be considered “well-formed,” it must adhere to a set of basic syntactic rules. These include:
  • Every start tag must have a corresponding end tag (e.g., <item>...</item>).
  • Elements must be properly nested (e.g., <parent><child></child></parent>, not <parent><child></parent></child>).
  • There must be a single root element.
  • Attribute values must be quoted.
  • Special characters like < and & must be escaped (e.g., < and &).
    These rules ensure that any XML parser can understand the basic structure of the document, even if it doesn’t know the specific meaning of your custom tags.
• Parsing and Processing: Because of its strict well-formedness rules, XML documents can be easily parsed by software. XML parsers (like SAX, DOM, or StAX) convert the raw XML text into a structured, traversable object model or a stream of events, making it easy for applications to extract, modify, or add data. This consistency across parsers is a huge advantage for developers.
• Comparison to HTML: While both are markup languages, their primary goals differ significantly. HTML is about displaying information (how it looks), whereas XML is about describing information (what it is). You wouldn’t typically use XML to define how text should be bold or italic; you’d use it to define the data itself, and then a separate stylesheet (like XSLT or CSS) could be used to present that XML data in a specific way.

This foundational understanding of XML as a meta-markup language capable of defining custom, extensible, and rigorously structured data formats is crucial to appreciating its widespread utility.

Understanding XML Comments: “This is an example of an XML comment”

Just like in programming code, XML allows for comments to be embedded within the document. These comments are incredibly useful for documentation, explanation, and temporarily disabling parts of the XML structure. When an XML parser processes a document, it completely ignores comments; they are purely for human understanding.

• Syntax: An XML comment begins with <!-- and ends with -->.
• Purpose:
  • Documentation: Explaining complex sections of the XML.
  • Notes for Developers: Providing instructions or warnings.
  • Debugging: Temporarily commenting out elements or sections of data to test different configurations without deleting them.
  • Metadata: While not parsed, sometimes high-level information or legal disclaimers are placed in comments.
• Placement: Comments can appear anywhere within an XML document, except inside tags or within attribute values. They can span multiple lines.
• Restrictions:
  • You cannot have the string -- (double hyphen) within an XML comment, except as part of the opening <!-- or closing --> sequence. For example, <!-- This is -- not allowed --> is invalid. This is a common point of confusion for beginners.
  • Comments cannot be nested. You can’t put a comment inside another comment.
• Example:

  <!-- This is a top-level comment describing the document -->
  <inventory>
      <!-- Item details start here -->
      <item id="SKU001">
          <name>Wireless Earbuds</name>
          <price>99.99</price>
          <!-- Current stock is 50 units -->
          <stock>50</stock>
      </item>
      <!-- More items would follow... -->
  </inventory>
  

Understanding and utilizing XML comments effectively is a mark of good practice. It significantly enhances the maintainability and clarity of your XML documents, especially in team environments or for complex systems that require frequent updates.

Crafting an XML Request Example

While the rise of JSON has made it the de facto standard for many modern web APIs, it’s vital to remember that XML was, and in many enterprise systems still is, a primary format for data exchange, particularly in web service requests. When we talk about an “XML request example,” we’re generally referring to how an application would send an XML payload to a server to request data or perform an action. Json schema max number

• SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol): This is where XML requests historically dominated. SOAP defines a messaging framework that uses XML to encode all messages. A SOAP request typically includes:
  • Envelope: The root element, defining the XML namespace for SOAP.
  • Header (Optional): For metadata like security credentials or transaction IDs.
  • Body: Contains the actual message payload, often an XML-formatted method call and its parameters.
• REST (Representational State Transfer) with XML: While REST is often associated with JSON, it’s perfectly capable of handling XML. A RESTful XML request simply means sending an XML document as the body of an HTTP request (e.g., POST, PUT) to a specific URL. The server then processes this XML and returns a response, potentially also in XML.
• XMLHttpRequest (XHR): The browser’s XMLHttpRequest object, fundamental to AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML), was initially designed to handle XML responses. Even today, XHR can send and receive XML data.
• Practical Example (Conceptual): Let’s imagine we want to request a list of books from a server.

  <!-- Example XML Request: Get all books by a specific author -->
  <soapenv:Envelope xmlns:soapenv="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"
                    xmlns:lib="http://example.com/libraryService">
     <soapenv:Header/>
     <soapenv:Body>
        <lib:GetBooksByAuthor>
           <lib:AuthorName>J.R.R. Tolkien</lib:AuthorName>
        </lib:GetBooksByAuthor>
     </soapenv:Body>
  </soapenv:Envelope>
  

  This XML would be sent as the body of an HTTP POST request to a SOAP endpoint. The server would parse this XML, execute the GetBooksByAuthor operation, and return an XML response containing the relevant book data.

• Key Considerations for XML Requests:
  • Content-Type Header: When sending an XML request via HTTP, it’s crucial to set the Content-Type header to application/xml or text/xml (for REST) or application/soap+xml (for SOAP) so the server knows how to interpret the payload.
  • Namespaces: XML namespaces (like xmlns:lib="http://example.com/libraryService") are used to avoid naming conflicts when combining XML documents or using elements from different vocabularies. They are vital for well-structured and unambiguous XML communication, particularly in complex enterprise environments.
  • Error Handling: Robust error handling is essential. Servers typically return XML-formatted error messages when an XML request fails (e.g., a SOAP Fault message), which clients need to parse and act upon.

While JSON is more lightweight and often preferred for modern web development due to its direct mapping to JavaScript objects, XML remains a powerhouse for complex enterprise integrations, especially where schema validation and robust messaging protocols are critical. Understanding the structure and mechanics of an XML request is a valuable skill for anyone working with legacy systems or large-scale data integrations.

XML Schemas and Validation: Ensuring Data Integrity

One of XML’s most powerful capabilities, often overlooked in basic discussions, is its ability to be validated against a formal schema. XML validation ensures data integrity and consistency, which is absolutely critical for reliable data exchange in professional and enterprise environments. Think of it as the blueprint that guarantees every XML document built from it adheres to a precise structure and content rules.

• Why Validation Matters: Imagine a system that expects product data with a price. If a document arrives where the price is missing or formatted incorrectly (e.g., “forty dollars” instead of “40.00”), the system could crash or process the data incorrectly. Validation catches these errors before they cause problems, saving countless hours in debugging and ensuring data quality.
• Types of Schemas:
  • DTD (Document Type Definition): The oldest and simplest form of XML schema. DTDs define the legal building blocks of an XML document, including elements, attributes, and their relationships. While still used, they are less powerful and flexible than XML Schema.
  • XML Schema (XSD): The W3C XML Schema Definition Language (XSD) is the most widely used and recommended schema language for XML. XSDs are themselves XML documents, offering much greater power and expressiveness than DTDs. They support:
    • Data Types: Defining whether an element should contain text, integers, dates, decimals, etc. (e.g., <price xsi:type="decimal">).
    • Cardinality: Specifying how many times an element can appear (e.g., minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="unbounded").
    • Complex Types: Defining custom structures with nested elements and attributes.
    • Namespaces: Properly integrating elements from different vocabularies.
    • Inheritance and Reusability: Allowing schemas to be modular and extensible.
• How Validation Works: An XML parser, with an XSD loaded, reads the XML document element by element. For each element and attribute, it checks if it conforms to the rules defined in the XSD. If a rule is violated (e.g., a required element is missing, a data type is incorrect), the parser reports a validation error.
• Practical Benefits:
  • Early Error Detection: Catching data format errors during development or at the point of data reception.
  • Improved Interoperability: Ensuring that all parties exchanging data agree on and adhere to the exact same format.
  • Code Generation: Some tools can generate code (e.g., Java classes, C# objects) directly from XSDs, streamlining development.
  • Documentation: XSDs serve as formal, machine-readable documentation of the expected XML structure.

For serious applications involving XML, especially in enterprise integration, finance, healthcare, and government, implementing and enforcing XML schemas is non-negotiable. It’s a proactive step towards building robust, error-free systems.

XML vs. JSON: A Contemporary Perspective

While XML was the undisputed champion for data exchange for many years, JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) has emerged as a strong contender, particularly in web development. Understanding their similarities, differences, and when to choose one over the other is crucial in modern software architecture.

• Similarities: Sha512 hash decrypt

  • Text-Based: Both are plain text formats, making them highly portable and readable.
  • Human-Readable: Both are relatively easy for humans to understand, especially when formatted well.
  • Self-Describing: Both use key-value pairs or tags to add context to data.
  • Hierarchical: Both can represent nested, complex data structures.
  • Data Transport: Both are widely used for exchanging data between client and server, or between different services.

• Key Differences and When to Use Which:

  • Syntax:
    • XML: Uses angle brackets (<tag>) for elements, and key="value" for attributes. Often more verbose.

      <person gender="male">
          <name>John Doe</name>
          <age>30</age>
      </person>
      

    • JSON: Uses curly braces {} for objects and square brackets [] for arrays. Key-value pairs are "key": "value". More concise.

      {
        "person": {
          "gender": "male",
          "name": "John Doe",
          "age": 30
        }
      }
      

  • Verbosity/Size: JSON is generally less verbose than XML for the same data set, resulting in smaller file sizes and potentially faster transmission, especially over networks with limited bandwidth. This is a big reason for its popularity in mobile and web APIs.
  • Data Types: JSON has built-in support for common data types (strings, numbers, booleans, arrays, objects, null). XML’s data types are usually enforced via XSDs, making them more powerful but requiring an external definition.
  • Parsing: JSON maps directly to JavaScript objects, making it incredibly easy to parse and manipulate in web browsers and Node.js environments. XML parsing, while robust, often requires more explicit API calls (DOM, SAX).
  • Schema Support: XML has robust, well-established schema languages (XSD, DTD) that are very powerful for strict data validation and complex data modeling. While JSON Schema exists, it is less mature and less universally adopted than XML Schema for strict enterprise-level validation.
  • Comments: XML supports comments (<!-- comment -->). JSON does not have native comment syntax (though some tools or conventions might allow it as a temporary measure).
  • Use Cases:
    • Choose JSON for: Modern web APIs, mobile applications, real-time data streaming, client-side data manipulation, lightweight data exchange. Its simplicity and direct mapping to common programming language data structures make it a winner here.
    • Choose XML for: Complex document structures (like books, legal documents, configuration files), enterprise application integration (especially with SOAP web services), environments requiring strict schema validation and formal data contracts (e.g., banking, healthcare, government), long-term data archiving. Where strictness, extensibility, and formal validation are paramount, XML often still has an edge.

It’s not a matter of one being inherently “better” than the other; rather, it’s about choosing the right tool for the job. Many modern systems even use both, leveraging JSON for front-end/API communication and XML for back-end enterprise integration or archival purposes.

The Enduring Legacy and Future of XML

Despite the rise of JSON, XML’s legacy is strong, and its future, while perhaps not as dominant in new web APIs, remains secure in critical domains. It continues to be an essential tool in many established and evolving technological landscapes.

• Widespread Adoption in Enterprise Systems: Many large organizations, particularly in sectors like finance, healthcare, government, and manufacturing, have massive investments in XML-based systems. Migrating these systems to JSON would be a monumental and costly undertaking. XML remains the backbone for data exchange in these environments (e.g., SWIFT messages in banking, HL7 in healthcare).
• Document-Oriented Applications: For applications where the document structure itself is important, not just the raw data, XML remains superior. Examples include:
  • Office Document Formats: .docx (Word), .xlsx (Excel), .pptx (PowerPoint) are all essentially ZIP archives containing multiple XML files. This open standard has vastly improved interoperability and reduced vendor lock-in.
  • Publishing: XML is extensively used in publishing workflows (e.g., DITA, DocBook) for creating structured content that can be easily transformed into various output formats (print, web, e-book).
  • Configuration Files: From Java’s Maven pom.xml to Spring configuration files and Android manifest files, XML is ubiquitous for defining application settings due to its hierarchical structure and human readability.
• Vertical-Specific XML Standards: Countless industry-specific XML vocabularies have been developed to standardize data exchange within particular domains. These include:
  • XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): Used for financial reporting worldwide.
  • SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics): An XML-based vector image format.
  • RSS/Atom: XML-based formats for web feeds.
  • GML (Geography Markup Language): For geographic information systems.
    These specialized XML dialects highlight its strength in creating precise, domain-specific languages.
• Integration with Other Technologies: XML remains highly compatible with technologies like XSLT (eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) for transforming XML into other formats (HTML, text, other XML) and XPath (XML Path Language) for navigating and selecting nodes in an XML document. These tools provide a powerful ecosystem for XML processing.
• The Future: While new REST APIs might favor JSON, XML isn’t going anywhere in areas where its strengths are paramount: complex document modeling, strict schema validation, long-term data archiving, and robust enterprise messaging. Developers will continue to encounter, create, and maintain XML in these vital sectors. Learning XML isn’t just about understanding a historical technology; it’s about gaining insights into fundamental principles of structured data that transcend specific formats and remain valuable across diverse computing contexts.

In summary, XML is an example of a versatile, self-describing, and extensible markup language primarily designed for data storage and transport. It continues to be a critical component in enterprise systems, document management, and various specialized domains, proving its enduring value in the ever-evolving landscape of information technology.

FAQ

What is XML an example of?

XML is an example of a markup language and a data serialization format. It provides a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable, focusing on describing data rather than its presentation. Isbn number example

Is XML still used extensively today?

Yes, XML is still extensively used today, especially in large enterprise systems, financial services, healthcare, government, and for complex document management. While JSON has become popular for new web APIs, XML remains critical for its robust schema validation, extensibility, and in many established integration patterns like SOAP.

What is the primary difference between XML and HTML?

The primary difference is their purpose: HTML is for displaying data on a web page, using predefined tags (<p>, <h1>, <img>). XML is for describing, storing, and transporting data, allowing users to define their own tags based on the data’s meaning.

Can XML be used for web development like HTML?

XML itself is not directly used for displaying content in web browsers like HTML. However, XML data can be transformed into HTML using XSLT (eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) or parsed by JavaScript and then rendered into HTML dynamically.

What does “self-describing” mean in the context of XML?

“Self-describing” means that the XML tags themselves provide context and meaning to the data they contain. For example, <productName>Laptop</productName> clearly indicates that “Laptop” is a product name, making the data understandable even without an external schema.

What is an XML comment?

An XML comment is a section within an XML document used to add notes or explanations for human readers. It starts with <!-- and ends with -->. XML parsers ignore comments entirely during processing. Json decode python example

Can I nest XML comments?

No, you cannot nest XML comments. An XML comment must not contain the string -- within its content, except as part of its opening <!-- or closing --> delimiters.

What is an XML request example?

An XML request example typically refers to an XML document sent from a client to a server as part of a web service interaction (e.g., using SOAP) or a RESTful API request where the payload is XML. It contains the data or commands the client wishes to send to the server.

What is SOAP, and how does it relate to XML requests?

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is a messaging protocol used to exchange structured information in web services. It relies entirely on XML for its message format, meaning all SOAP requests and responses are XML documents.

Is JSON replacing XML for data exchange?

JSON has become more prevalent for new web APIs due to its lighter syntax and native compatibility with JavaScript. However, JSON is not fully replacing XML, especially in enterprise environments where XML’s strong schema validation, robust tooling, and established standards for complex documents are critical.

What is XML Schema (XSD) used for?

XML Schema Definition (XSD) is a W3C recommendation for defining the structure, content, and data types of XML documents. It’s used to validate XML documents, ensuring they conform to a predefined set of rules, which is crucial for data integrity and interoperability. Json in simple terms

How does XML ensure data integrity?

XML ensures data integrity primarily through the use of XML Schemas (like XSDs). By validating an XML document against an XSD, you can verify that the data adheres to required structures, data types, and constraints, catching errors before they cause issues in applications.

What is the root element in an XML document?

Every well-formed XML document must have exactly one root element. This is the top-level element that encloses all other elements in the document, forming the basis of its hierarchical structure.

Are XML elements case-sensitive?

Yes, XML is case-sensitive. <book> is different from <Book> or <BOOK>. This applies to element names, attribute names, and other parts of the XML syntax.

What are XML attributes?

XML attributes provide additional information about an element. They are key-value pairs placed inside the start tag of an element. For example, <product id="123">, where id is the attribute name and "123" is its value.

Can I include binary data directly in an XML document?

No, XML is a text-based format. Binary data (like images or executable files) cannot be included directly. Instead, binary data is typically encoded (e.g., Base64 encoding) into a text format before being embedded in XML, or the XML document can contain a reference (like a URL) to the binary data stored externally. Extract lines from image procreate

What are XML namespaces?

XML namespaces are used to avoid naming conflicts when combining XML documents or elements from different vocabularies. They provide a mechanism to qualify element and attribute names by associating them with unique URIs, ensuring that elements with the same name from different sources are treated distinctly.

What is XPath?

XPath (XML Path Language) is a query language for selecting nodes (elements, attributes, text, etc.) from an XML document. It allows developers to navigate through the hierarchical structure of XML and extract specific pieces of information.

What is XSLT?

XSLT (eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) is a language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents, HTML documents, or other text-based formats. It allows for the separation of data (in XML) from its presentation.

Is XML a programming language?

No, XML is not a programming language. It is a markup language used for storing, describing, and transporting data. It does not contain executable code or logic like Python, Java, or C++.